Results: 527
Created on: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 23:01:23 +0200 in 0.0670 sec


Singh, Jasmeet;
Metal surface tolerant conformal low-profile plastic embedded antennas for automotive applications. - Ilmenau : Universitätsbibliothek, 2023. - 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 110 Seiten)
Technische Universität Ilmenau, Dissertation 2023

Mit der rasanten Zunahme drahtloser Dienste und dem Einsatz von Antennendiversitätstechniken zur Erzielung höherer Datenraten oder Dienstzuverlässigkeit ist die Zahl der in Pkw zu installierenden Antennen nicht mehr unbedeutend und nimmt weiter zu. Gleichzeitig wird es immer schwieriger, geeignete Montageplätze für diese Antennen zu finden, da die Zahl der Montageplätze im Auto nicht parallel zur Zahl der zu installierenden Antennen gewachsen ist; Autos sind nach wie vor meist Metallkästen, mit einigen wenigen Kunststoffteilen und Glasscheiben die die Integration von Antennen ermöglichen. Die meisten dieser Teile wurden bereits zu diesem Zweck verwendet, die B-Säulen-Kunststoffabdeckungen wurden jedoch bisher nicht für die Antennenintegration berücksichtigt. In dieser Arbeit werden nicht nur die Vorteile der B-Säulen-Kunststoffabdeckungen als Antenneneinbauort gegenüber anderen Orten hervorgehoben, sondern auch die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen untersucht, insbesondere der begrenzte Platz für die Antennenintegration und die unmittelbare Nähe der eingebauten Antenne zum Metallchassis des Fahrzeugs. Letzteres führt zu einer starken elektromagnetischen Kopplung zwischen der Antenne und der Fahrzeugkarosserie, was sich auf die Antenneneigenschaften wie Impedanzanpassung und realisierten Gewinn auswirkt. In den folgenden Kapiteln werden die zugrundeliegenden Entwurfsprinzipien, die Theorie und die Messungen neuartiger, flacher, konformer und metalloberflächentoleranter Mobilfunkantennen vorgestellt, nämlich die Einzelband-Di-Patch-Antenne und eine koplanar gestapelte, mit Mikrostreifenleitungen gekoppelte Multibandantenne, die die oben genannten Herausforderungen adressieren und überwinden. Zusätzlich wird in der zweiten Hälfte dieser Arbeit eine high impedance surface basierte Dipolantennenlösung vorgestellt. Die Simulations- und Messergebnisse der nicht integrierten und der integrierten Versionen der vorgestellten Antennen, einschließlich der LTE-MIMO-Datenratenmessungen, die im vorletzten Kapitel vorgestellt werden, sprechen nicht nur für die Eignung dieser Antennen für flache, metallnahe Oberflächenanwendungen im Allgemeinen, sondern zeigen auch, dass die B-Säulen- Kunststoffabdeckungen einen sehr geeigneten neuen Antennenintegrationsort für mobile Kommunikationsanwendungen im Automobil darstellen.



https://doi.org/10.22032/dbt.57612
Brachvogel, Marius; Niestroj, Michael; Meurer, Michael; Hasnain, Syed N.; Stephan, Ralf; Hein, Matthias
Space-time adaptive processing as a solution for mitigating interference using spatially-distributed antenna arrays. - In: Navigation, ISSN 2161-4296, Bd. 70 (2023), 3, navi.592, insges. 23 S.

Antenna arrays and spatial processing techniques are among the most effective countermeasures against interference. Here, we demonstrate a new array concept consisting of spatially-distributed subarrays that are small enough to fit inside the non-metallic parts of an automobile. This will facilitate concealed installation of these devices in bumpers or side mirrors, which is a strict requirement of the industry and preferred by the customers. Using beamforming algorithms, this array was proven to be robust against jammers in the L1 band. The large distances between the individual antenna elements resulted in a non-negligible baseband delay that violated the narrowband assumption and increased with bandwidth. Hence, this paper demonstrates the influence of a jammer in the L5 band. Space-time adaptive processing that allows for compensation of the delays was introduced and analyzed. Improvements in interference mitigation capabilities were assessed and compared to those of pure spatial state-of-the-art implementation. Real-life measurement data was used to ensure realistic results.



https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.592
Hasnain, Syed N.; Khakimov, Aidar; Stehr, Uwe; Hein, Matthias
Emulation of realistic satellite constellations for GNSS receiver testing in virtual environment. - In: 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2023), (2023), insges. 5 S.

Automotive navigation is key for modern traffic, which necessitates robust satellite navigation receivers. Distributed antenna arrays can be advantageous with their beam-and null-steering capabilities, however, testing them in the field is resource-intensive and non-repeatable. Therefore, evaluating them in virtual electromagnetic environments is reasonable prior to scheduling field-operational tests. Thereby the challenge arises that the angles-of-arrival of satellite signals deviate from those of their corresponding antennas due to the fixed orbital rotation of satellites and mechanical limitations of physical antenna placements. This discrepancy creates an unrealistic satellite constellation, eventually affecting directions-of-arrival estimation of incident signals which is crucial for interferer suppression. A Matlab tool was implemented to locate satellites near desired transmitter positions and numerically alter their orbital parameters to minimize their angular deviation from respective transmitters. Employing the tool, a realistic virtual satellite constellation with less than 1 degree deviation was emulated and experimentally verified for the test facility.



https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133419
Bornkessel, Christian; Struck, Tobias; Schilling, Lisa-Marie; Hein, Matthias
Exposure change at two mobile radio base stations due to upgrading with 5G. - In: 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2023), (2023), insges. 5 S.

Radio frequency exposure measurements in the surroundings of two mobile radio base stations were performed before and after their upgrade to 5G to investigate exposure changes. The measurements were carried out in an urban environment in Berlin, and a 5G Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) base station and a 5G massive MIMO base station were investigated. At the first base station, a previous UMTS system was replaced by a DSS system (LTE and 5G share common resources) with unchanged total transmission power. The maximum possible exposure at five out of six measurement points remains unchanged within the measurement uncertainty. At the second base station under investigation, a 5G massive MIMO antenna technology was additionally installed to an existing mobile radio system. Here, maximum possible exposure increases of 6 to 11 dB occur at the investigated measurement points. A parallel recording of the 5G instantaneous exposure at the massive MIMO station shows that the exposure without provoking traffic load (signalization only) and at low traffic load exploits only 5-10% of the maximum exposure in terms of field strength.



https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133212
Struck, Tobias; Schilling, Lisa-Marie; Bornkessel, Christian; Hein, Matthias
Hybrid measurement and post-processing method for human RF exposure assessment of mobile radio small-cells. - In: 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2023), (2023), insges. 5 S.

Established methods for determining the electromagnetic field exposure of mobile radio small-cell base stations to the general public are currently based either on numerical far-field computation or on field strength measurement at selected evaluation points. It means that they are not capable of providing a realistic 3-dimensional near-and far-fleld evaluation of mobile radio small-cell base stations. For this reason, a promising hybrid exposure assessment approach - which combines antenna nearfield pattern measurements and numerical computations under varying environmental conditions - was specially adapted to small cells. While the conservatively determined measurement uncertainty of ± 3 dB is comparable to already established methods such as electric field probe measurement, the hybrid assessment offers novel possibilities in terms of flexibility. By moving exposure assessment into a virtual domain, complex installation scenarios or varying antenna operation parameters can typically be investigated within a simulation environment, so that complex measurement campaigns may be substituted by hybrid assessment.



https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133468
Asghar, Muhammad Ehtisham; Bornkessel, Christian; Clauder, Philipp; Nowack, Tobias; Köcher, Jens; Stöpel, Uwe; Hein, Matthias
Antennas for railway applications: comparison between scaled mock-up and real locomotive measurements. - In: 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2023), (2023), insges. 5 S.

This paper presents and compares real locomotive and scaled mock-up antenna measurements to investigate the reliability of scaled model measurements and to evaluate the impact of the locomotive chassis on the performance of the installed antennas. Three different operational frequencies and two distinct mounting positions at the center and front of the locomotives were selected for comparison. Fair comparability between patterns is observed with a similarity factor above 64%. The deviations between patterns arise from different geometries and installed superstructures. However, the results reveal coherent findings, particularly the significant impact of locomotive chassis, roof geometries, and superstructures on the radiation patterns. This impact becomes more pronounced at higher frequencies. Moreover, the front position results show strong distortions in patterns compared to the center position. The results imply that when analyzing the installed locomotive antenna pattern beside the chassis, the impact of superstructures and the impact of the mounting position must be carefully considered.



https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133303
Schiffarth, Anna-Malin; Schilling, Lisa-Marie; Bornkessel, Christian; Hein, Matthias; Heberling, Dirk
Optimized assessment procedure for maximal RF exposure to 5G massive MIMO base stations in non-line-of-sight scenarios - part 2: verification by field measurements. - In: 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2023), (2023), insges. 5 S.

At measurement points (MP) with a line of sight (LOS) to the base station, measurement and extrapolation procedures already exist to determine the maximal exposure in the vicinity of 5G massive MIMO base stations. However, for MPs with non-LOS (NLOS) to the base station, incorrect estimations of the maximal exposure have been found. Based on the theoretical preliminary considerations in part 1 of this paper, the exposure at outdoor NLOS MPs has been determined at 63 MPs in the vicinity of seven Huawei base stations. The gain correction factors previously used by assuming free-space propagation have been compared with the actual gain correction factors derived from the measurements. It is shown that the resulting misestimation and the actual gain correction factors depend on the distance between the MP and the base station. On the basis of this, generalised extrapolation factors are derived for NLOS MPs. Theoretical and numerical investigations are explained in detail in the accompanying paper "part 1".



https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133149
Schilling, Lisa-Marie; Bornkessel, Christian; Schiffarth, Anna-Malin; Heberling, Dirk; Hein, Matthias
Optimized assessment procedure for maximal RF exposure to 5G massive MIMO base stations in non-line-of-sight scenarios - part 1: theoretical and numerical investigations. - In: 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2023), (2023), insges. 5 S.

The evaluation of the maximal human RF exposure to 5G base stations acquires a specific extrapolation procedure due to the massive MIMO antennas. Up to now, large misestimations of up to 15 dB of the extrapolated maximal RF exposure compared to the reference value were found at measurement points under non-line-of-sight conditions. One possible cause is the incorrectly determined gain correction factor based on free space assumptions which is used for extrapolating the measured signalization exposure to the maximal possible exposure. This gain correction factor may differ greatly between line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios. In this paper, considerations based on geometrical optics are used to identify such causative scenarios. Here, the measurement points are in multipath environments, where the resulting field distributions and the corresponding gain correction factors are not identical compared to the free space. Numerical simulations with ray tracing confirm this assumption as the determined gain correction factor in the multipath scenario is significantly lower compared to the free space case. Verification of these considerations by measurement is done in the accompanying paper "Part 2".



https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133658
Altinel, Berk; Asghar, Ehtisham; Berlt, Philipp; Buddappagari, Sreehari; Bornkessel, Christian; Singh, Jasmeet; Hein, Matthias
Practical aspects of automotive measurements and virtual-drive testing. - In: Modern automotive antenna measurements, (2022), S. 221-246

Müller, Jens; Hein, Matthias; Supreeti, Shraddha; Stehr, Uwe
Compact, high-performance and highly integrated faint pulse source at 850 nm :
i-FPS - Kompakte, performante und hoch-integrierte Faint Pulse Source bei 850 nm; Teilvorhaben: E/O-Hardware-Plattform für Faint Pulse Sources : Abschlussbericht FKZ: 50 YH 2121 : Laufzeit: 01.08.2021-31.05.2022 (Phase 1). - Ilmenau : Technische Universität Ilmenau, [Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien MacroNano]. - 1 Online-Ressource (12 Seiten, 1,10 MB)Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden

https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb24/187793934X.pdf