Publications of the Fachgebiet Fahrzeugtechnik

Anzahl der Treffer: 337
Erstellt: Wed, 27 Mar 2024 23:16:11 +0100 in 0.0514 sec


Hamatschek, Christopher; Hesse, David; Augsburg, Klaus; Gramstat, Sebastian; Stich, Anton
Comparison of the particle emission behaviour of automotive drum and disc brakes. - In: 12th International Munich Chassis Symposium 2021, (2022), S. 541-563

Friction brakes are one of the main sources of PM emissions from cars today. However, due to the electrification of the powertrain, the share of friction brakes in vehicle deceleration is continuously decreasing. Due to the reduced number of braking applications and the lower brake pressure level, the amount of emitted particles also decreases. This is associated with the disadvantage of an increased potential for the formation of rust on the surfaces of the friction materials, which is expected to influence friction and wear. Due to the increasing challenge posed by corroded friction partners, drum brakes are increasingly used to decelerate bat-tery electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In this study, basic investigations on the particle emission behaviour of drum brakes are carried out using an inertia dynamometer (LINK 3900-NVH). To en-sure representative sampling, a constant-volume sampling system is used, which is optimised in terms of transport efficiency and particle distribution. Condensa-tion particle counters (CPC) and filter holders (TX40) are used to determine PN/PM emission factors. CPCs with differently calibrated cut-off are used to evaluate the formation of nanoscale particle formations. In this context, special at-tention is paid to the influence of temperature on the particle formation process. From the comparison between rear-axle disc brake and rear-axle drum brake it could be proven that the predominant part of the wear mass remains within the drum, which affects the size distribution of the emitted particles. The ratio be-tween PM10 and PM2.5 mass-related emissions factors decreases from about 2 (disc brake) to about 1.3 (drum brake). In addition, the emission behaviour is dif-ferentiated via the bedding procedure of the drum brake. To achieve a reproduci-ble emission level, a doubling of the number of cycles (WLTP-brake cycle) is necessary. Due to a higher temperature level, nanoparticles could be detected dur-ing testing of the drum brake, whereby the number-related emission factor (PM2.5) was partly higher than for the disc brake.



Alfonso, Jesus; Rodriguez, Jose Manuel; Bernad, Carlos; Beliautsou, Viktar; Ivanov, Valentin; Castellanos, Jose Angel
Geographically distributed real-time co-simulation of electric vehicle. - In: 8th-2022 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT'22), (2022), S. 1002-1007

The present paper shows the capabilities of a distributed real-time co-simulation environment merging simulation models and testing facilities for developing and verifying electric vehicles. This environment has been developed in the framework of the XILforEV project and the presented case is focused on a ride control with a real suspension installed on a test bench in Spain, which uses real-time information from a complete vehicle model in Germany. Given the long distance between both sites, it has been necessary to develop a specific delay compensation algorithm. This algorithm is general enough to be used in other real-time co-simulation frameworks. In the present work, the system architecture including the communication compensation is described and successfully experimentally validated.



https://doi.org/10.1109/CoDIT55151.2022.9804062
Beliautsou, Aleksandra; Beliautsou, Viktar; Zimmermann, Armin
Colored Petri net modelling and evaluation of drone inspection methods for distribution networks. - In: Sensors, ISSN 1424-8220, Bd. 22 (2022), 9, 3418, S. 1-20

https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093418
Augsburg, Klaus; Hesse, David; Ricciardi, Vincenzo; Feißel, Toni
Methoden zur Messung und Prädiktion der Partikelemissionen von Bremse und Reifen. - In: [Hauptband], (2021), S. 185-204

Lehne, Christoph; Ivanov, Valentin; Augsburg, Klaus; Büchner, Florian; Schreiber, Viktor; Herman, Jernej; Pašič, Jure; Zavrl, Blaž
Distributed local X-in-the-loop environment - a tool for electric vehicle systems design. - In: Zenodo, (2021), insges. 6 S.

The paper describes methodology and corresponding environment for development, validation and testing of complex electric vehicle (EV) systems. The proposed approach is based on distribution of relevant design tasks between remotely working testing equipment with real-time (RT) data sharing and data exchange. The approach is demonstrated by the example of X-in-the-loop (XIL) environment uniting electric motor test setup, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform with brake-by-wire system, and the brake dynamometer. The study introduces how this configuration of experimental tools can be used by designing the brake blending and control of an EV.



https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4905931
Armengaud, Eric; Wikström, Niklas; Buh, Joze; Dhaens, Miguel; Gramstat, Sebastian; Groppo, Ricardo; Heydrich, Marius; Ivanov, Valentin; Mazzoni, Matteo; Sorniotti, Aldo
Advanced electric vehicle components for long-distance daily trips. - In: Zenodo, (2021), insges. 8 S.

This paper introduces a holistic engineering approach for the design of an electric sport utility vehicle focused on the reliable capability of long-distance daily trips. This approach is targeting integration of advanced powertrain and chassis components to achieve energy-efficient driving dynamics through manifold contribution of their improved functions. The powertrain layout of the electric vehicle under discussion is designed for an e-traction axle system including in-wheel motors and the dual inverter. The main elements of the chassis layout are the electro-magnetic suspension and the hybrid brake-by-wire system with electro-hydraulic actuators on the front axle and the electro-mechanical actuators on the rear axle. All the listed powertrain and chassis components are united under an integrated vehicle dynamics and energy management control strategy that is also outlined in the paper. The study is illustrated with the experimental results confirming the achieved high performance on the electric vehicle systems level.



https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4905907
Schreiber, Viktor; Büchner, Florian; Lehne, Christoph; Ivanov, Valentin
X-in-the-Loop-Ansatz zur Entwicklung von Elektrofahrzeugen. - In: MTZ extra, ISSN 2509-4580, (2021), 8, S. 18-22

Schreiber, Viktor; Ivanov, Valentin
Optimization using a shared and distributed X-in-the-Loop testing environment. - In: 2021 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), (2021), insges. 6 S.

X-in-the-loop (XIL) technologies have been receiving increased attention in modern automotive development processes. In particular, collaborative experiments using XIL tools have efficient applications in the design of multi-actuated, electric, and automated vehicles. The presented paper introduces results of such a collaborative study with XIL, which focused on the feasibility of coordinated real-time (RT) simulations for the control of vehicle dynamics systems. The outcomes are based on extensive co-simulation tests performed with remote connections among different geographical locations. The performed study allowed formulating requirements for further shared and distributed XIL-experiments for functional validation of automotive control systems.



https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC53923.2021.9699231
Armengaud, Eric; Nager, Torsten; Gramstat, Sebastian; Heimann, Stefan; Gaglione, Daniele; Mazzoni, Matteo; Lampic, Gorazd; Buh, Jože; Groppo, Riccardo; Romano, Claudio; Dhaens, Miguel; Rzepka, Sven; Ivanov, Valentin; Sorniotti, Aldo
Electric wheel dual drive: functional integration for e-vehicle. - In: Intelligent system solutions for auto mobility and beyond, (2021), S. 211-222

The EVC1000 project (Electric Vehicle Components for 1000 km daily trips) aims at developing brand-independent components and systems, and demonstrates them through an integrated wheel-centric propulsion architecture and EV (Electric Vehicle) management approach implemented on two different EVs.The project relies on in-wheel motor and provides new chassis components and integrated controllers. Moreover a compact centralised drive for in-wheel motor axles, based on Silicon Carbide technology, targeting superior levels of functional integration and failsafe operation will be integrated in the EVs.



Hesse, David; Hamatschek, Christopher; Feißel, Toni; Sachse, Hannes; Augsburg, Klaus; Gramstat, Sebastian
Investigations on the deposition behaviour of brake wear particles on the wheel surface. - In: SAE Mobilus, (2021), SAE technical paper 2021-01-1301, Seite 1-13

The deposition behavior of brake wear particles on the surface of a wheel and the mechanisms on it have not been fully understood. In addition, the proportion of brake wear particles deposited on the wheel surface compared to the total emitted particles is almost unknown. This information is necessary to evaluate the number- and mass-related emission factors measured on the inertia dynamometer and to compare them with on-road and vehicle-related emission behaviour. The aim of this study is to clarify the deposition behavior of brake particles on the wheel surface. First, the real deposition behaviour is determined in on-road tests. For particle sampling, collection pads are adapted at different positions of a front and rear axle wheel. In addition to a Real Driving Emissions (RDE)-compliant test cycle, tests are performed in urban, rural and motorway sections to evaluate speed-dependent influences. Microscopic analysis is used to determine the particle number concentration and particle size distribution of the samples. Another focus is the analysis of particle deposition behaviour on the wheel surface along inertial dynamometer tests with Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO)-brake pads. For this purpose, a special setup is used which allows the simulation of realistic flow conditions. In addition to simulating the RDE-compliant test cycle, the novel Worldwide harmonized Light-Duty vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)-brake cycle is used to ensure real world driving and braking conditions. Finally, simulative investigations on the basis of a transient Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model allow the particle motion to be evaluated under consideration of geometry and flow conditions. By implementing a physical deposition model, it is possible to quantify particle deposition as a function of particle size and material properties. The investigations have shown that < 15 % of the total wear mass deposits on the surface of the wheel. In addition, a correlation with the driving speed could be demonstrated. The highest relative proportions could be determined in the urban and motorway sections, the lowest in the city section. In addition, a clear correlation could be established between pad composition, particle size and deposition position.



https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1301

Publications of the Fachgebiet Fahrzeugtechnik

Anzahl der Treffer: 337
Erstellt: Wed, 27 Mar 2024 23:16:11 +0100 in 0.0528 sec


Hamatschek, Christopher; Hesse, David; Augsburg, Klaus; Gramstat, Sebastian; Stich, Anton
Comparison of the particle emission behaviour of automotive drum and disc brakes. - In: 12th International Munich Chassis Symposium 2021, (2022), S. 541-563

Friction brakes are one of the main sources of PM emissions from cars today. However, due to the electrification of the powertrain, the share of friction brakes in vehicle deceleration is continuously decreasing. Due to the reduced number of braking applications and the lower brake pressure level, the amount of emitted particles also decreases. This is associated with the disadvantage of an increased potential for the formation of rust on the surfaces of the friction materials, which is expected to influence friction and wear. Due to the increasing challenge posed by corroded friction partners, drum brakes are increasingly used to decelerate bat-tery electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In this study, basic investigations on the particle emission behaviour of drum brakes are carried out using an inertia dynamometer (LINK 3900-NVH). To en-sure representative sampling, a constant-volume sampling system is used, which is optimised in terms of transport efficiency and particle distribution. Condensa-tion particle counters (CPC) and filter holders (TX40) are used to determine PN/PM emission factors. CPCs with differently calibrated cut-off are used to evaluate the formation of nanoscale particle formations. In this context, special at-tention is paid to the influence of temperature on the particle formation process. From the comparison between rear-axle disc brake and rear-axle drum brake it could be proven that the predominant part of the wear mass remains within the drum, which affects the size distribution of the emitted particles. The ratio be-tween PM10 and PM2.5 mass-related emissions factors decreases from about 2 (disc brake) to about 1.3 (drum brake). In addition, the emission behaviour is dif-ferentiated via the bedding procedure of the drum brake. To achieve a reproduci-ble emission level, a doubling of the number of cycles (WLTP-brake cycle) is necessary. Due to a higher temperature level, nanoparticles could be detected dur-ing testing of the drum brake, whereby the number-related emission factor (PM2.5) was partly higher than for the disc brake.



Alfonso, Jesus; Rodriguez, Jose Manuel; Bernad, Carlos; Beliautsou, Viktar; Ivanov, Valentin; Castellanos, Jose Angel
Geographically distributed real-time co-simulation of electric vehicle. - In: 8th-2022 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT'22), (2022), S. 1002-1007

The present paper shows the capabilities of a distributed real-time co-simulation environment merging simulation models and testing facilities for developing and verifying electric vehicles. This environment has been developed in the framework of the XILforEV project and the presented case is focused on a ride control with a real suspension installed on a test bench in Spain, which uses real-time information from a complete vehicle model in Germany. Given the long distance between both sites, it has been necessary to develop a specific delay compensation algorithm. This algorithm is general enough to be used in other real-time co-simulation frameworks. In the present work, the system architecture including the communication compensation is described and successfully experimentally validated.



https://doi.org/10.1109/CoDIT55151.2022.9804062
Beliautsou, Aleksandra; Beliautsou, Viktar; Zimmermann, Armin
Colored Petri net modelling and evaluation of drone inspection methods for distribution networks. - In: Sensors, ISSN 1424-8220, Bd. 22 (2022), 9, 3418, S. 1-20

https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093418
Augsburg, Klaus; Hesse, David; Ricciardi, Vincenzo; Feißel, Toni
Methoden zur Messung und Prädiktion der Partikelemissionen von Bremse und Reifen. - In: [Hauptband], (2021), S. 185-204

Lehne, Christoph; Ivanov, Valentin; Augsburg, Klaus; Büchner, Florian; Schreiber, Viktor; Herman, Jernej; Pašič, Jure; Zavrl, Blaž
Distributed local X-in-the-loop environment - a tool for electric vehicle systems design. - In: Zenodo, (2021), insges. 6 S.

The paper describes methodology and corresponding environment for development, validation and testing of complex electric vehicle (EV) systems. The proposed approach is based on distribution of relevant design tasks between remotely working testing equipment with real-time (RT) data sharing and data exchange. The approach is demonstrated by the example of X-in-the-loop (XIL) environment uniting electric motor test setup, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform with brake-by-wire system, and the brake dynamometer. The study introduces how this configuration of experimental tools can be used by designing the brake blending and control of an EV.



https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4905931
Armengaud, Eric; Wikström, Niklas; Buh, Joze; Dhaens, Miguel; Gramstat, Sebastian; Groppo, Ricardo; Heydrich, Marius; Ivanov, Valentin; Mazzoni, Matteo; Sorniotti, Aldo
Advanced electric vehicle components for long-distance daily trips. - In: Zenodo, (2021), insges. 8 S.

This paper introduces a holistic engineering approach for the design of an electric sport utility vehicle focused on the reliable capability of long-distance daily trips. This approach is targeting integration of advanced powertrain and chassis components to achieve energy-efficient driving dynamics through manifold contribution of their improved functions. The powertrain layout of the electric vehicle under discussion is designed for an e-traction axle system including in-wheel motors and the dual inverter. The main elements of the chassis layout are the electro-magnetic suspension and the hybrid brake-by-wire system with electro-hydraulic actuators on the front axle and the electro-mechanical actuators on the rear axle. All the listed powertrain and chassis components are united under an integrated vehicle dynamics and energy management control strategy that is also outlined in the paper. The study is illustrated with the experimental results confirming the achieved high performance on the electric vehicle systems level.



https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4905907
Schreiber, Viktor; Büchner, Florian; Lehne, Christoph; Ivanov, Valentin
X-in-the-Loop-Ansatz zur Entwicklung von Elektrofahrzeugen. - In: MTZ extra, ISSN 2509-4580, (2021), 8, S. 18-22

Schreiber, Viktor; Ivanov, Valentin
Optimization using a shared and distributed X-in-the-Loop testing environment. - In: 2021 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), (2021), insges. 6 S.

X-in-the-loop (XIL) technologies have been receiving increased attention in modern automotive development processes. In particular, collaborative experiments using XIL tools have efficient applications in the design of multi-actuated, electric, and automated vehicles. The presented paper introduces results of such a collaborative study with XIL, which focused on the feasibility of coordinated real-time (RT) simulations for the control of vehicle dynamics systems. The outcomes are based on extensive co-simulation tests performed with remote connections among different geographical locations. The performed study allowed formulating requirements for further shared and distributed XIL-experiments for functional validation of automotive control systems.



https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC53923.2021.9699231
Armengaud, Eric; Nager, Torsten; Gramstat, Sebastian; Heimann, Stefan; Gaglione, Daniele; Mazzoni, Matteo; Lampic, Gorazd; Buh, Jože; Groppo, Riccardo; Romano, Claudio; Dhaens, Miguel; Rzepka, Sven; Ivanov, Valentin; Sorniotti, Aldo
Electric wheel dual drive: functional integration for e-vehicle. - In: Intelligent system solutions for auto mobility and beyond, (2021), S. 211-222

The EVC1000 project (Electric Vehicle Components for 1000 km daily trips) aims at developing brand-independent components and systems, and demonstrates them through an integrated wheel-centric propulsion architecture and EV (Electric Vehicle) management approach implemented on two different EVs.The project relies on in-wheel motor and provides new chassis components and integrated controllers. Moreover a compact centralised drive for in-wheel motor axles, based on Silicon Carbide technology, targeting superior levels of functional integration and failsafe operation will be integrated in the EVs.



Hesse, David; Hamatschek, Christopher; Feißel, Toni; Sachse, Hannes; Augsburg, Klaus; Gramstat, Sebastian
Investigations on the deposition behaviour of brake wear particles on the wheel surface. - In: SAE Mobilus, (2021), SAE technical paper 2021-01-1301, Seite 1-13

The deposition behavior of brake wear particles on the surface of a wheel and the mechanisms on it have not been fully understood. In addition, the proportion of brake wear particles deposited on the wheel surface compared to the total emitted particles is almost unknown. This information is necessary to evaluate the number- and mass-related emission factors measured on the inertia dynamometer and to compare them with on-road and vehicle-related emission behaviour. The aim of this study is to clarify the deposition behavior of brake particles on the wheel surface. First, the real deposition behaviour is determined in on-road tests. For particle sampling, collection pads are adapted at different positions of a front and rear axle wheel. In addition to a Real Driving Emissions (RDE)-compliant test cycle, tests are performed in urban, rural and motorway sections to evaluate speed-dependent influences. Microscopic analysis is used to determine the particle number concentration and particle size distribution of the samples. Another focus is the analysis of particle deposition behaviour on the wheel surface along inertial dynamometer tests with Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO)-brake pads. For this purpose, a special setup is used which allows the simulation of realistic flow conditions. In addition to simulating the RDE-compliant test cycle, the novel Worldwide harmonized Light-Duty vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)-brake cycle is used to ensure real world driving and braking conditions. Finally, simulative investigations on the basis of a transient Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model allow the particle motion to be evaluated under consideration of geometry and flow conditions. By implementing a physical deposition model, it is possible to quantify particle deposition as a function of particle size and material properties. The investigations have shown that < 15 % of the total wear mass deposits on the surface of the wheel. In addition, a correlation with the driving speed could be demonstrated. The highest relative proportions could be determined in the urban and motorway sections, the lowest in the city section. In addition, a clear correlation could be established between pad composition, particle size and deposition position.



https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1301