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Bohm, Sebastian; Runge, Erich
Efficient analytical evaluation of the singular BEM integrals for the three-dimensional Laplace and Stokes equations over polygonal elements. - In: Engineering analysis with boundary elements, ISSN 0955-7997, Bd. 161 (2024), S. 70-77

Singularities in the fundamental solutions pose a mathematical challenge for all applications of the boundary element method, if the source and field point lie on the same element. To avoid complex and error-prone numerical procedures, analytical solutions for the integrals that arise are desirable. In this work, easy and efficiently to implement analytical solutions are presented for the fundamental solutions of the three-dimensional Stokes equation as well as Laplace’s equation. Explicit expressions are derived for general triangular elements using constant shape functions. In addition, options for extending to arbitrary polygonal elements are shown. In particular, the three cases that the incenter, the centroid or the vertices of the triangles are used as source points for the calculation are addressed. The impressive numerical efficiency of the method is demonstrated by explicit examples.



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2024.01.013
Bohm, Sebastian; Grunert, Malte; Schwarz, Felix; Runge, Erich; Wang, Dong; Schaaf, Peter; Chimeh, Abbas; Lienau, Christoph
Gold nanosponges: fascinating optical properties of a unique disorder-dominated system. - In: Journal of the Optical Society of America, ISSN 1520-8540, Bd. 40 (2023), 6, S. 1491-1509

Nanoporous gold is a three-dimensional bulk material that is percolated with a random network of nanometer-sized ligaments and made by selective corrosion of bimetallic alloys. It has intriguing geometric, catalytic, and optical properties that have fascinated scientists for many decades. When such a material is made into the form of small, 100-nm-sized particles, so-called nanosponges emerge that offer much flexibility in controlling their geometric, electronic, and optical properties. Importantly, these particles act as an antenna for light that can efficiently localize optical fields on a deep subwavelength scale in certain hotspots at the particle surface. This makes such nanosponges an interesting platform for plasmonic sensing, photocatalysis, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Since the optical properties of these nanosponges can be controlled to a large degree by tuning their geometry and/or composition, they have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Here, we provide a concise overview of the current state of the art in this field, covering their fabrication, computational modeling, and specifically the linear and nonlinear optical properties of individual and hybrid nanosponges, for example, plasmon localization in randomly disordered hotspots with a size <10 nm and a long lifetime with an exceptionally high Purcell factor. The resulting nonlinear optical and photoemission properties are discussed for individual and hybrid nanosponges. The results presented have strong implications for further applications of such nanosponges in photonics and photocatalysis.



https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.479739
Selzer, Silas A.; Bauer, Fabian; Bohm, Sebastian; Runge, Erich; Bretschneider, Peter
Physics-guided machine learning techniques for improving temperature calculations of high-voltage transmission lines. - In: Die Energiewende beschleunigen, (2023), S. 353-360

The calculation of the temperature of high-voltage transmission lines is usually done by the commercially used standard models, the CIGRE Standard No. 601 and the IEEE Standard No. 738. These turn out to be prone to errors in application. Based on data analysis, new models based on machine learning techniques and their combination with physics-based models, called physics-guided machine learning techniques, were developed and compared with the results of the established physical models and measurement results. The improved models achieve a reduction of the mean absolute estimation error as well as a significant reduction of the values that deviate more than 5 K from the measured conductor temperature. Also, the mean underestimation of the conductor temperature was changed into an applicationtechnically unproblematic overestimation by the transition from the best standard to the best data-scientific model. The optimization of the models could be achieved by eliminating the incorrect determination of the physical parameters, a compensation of the conservative estimation of the physical effects as well as the consideration of the neglected thermal components of the heat balance. The investigations are based on measured data of the conductor temperature and electrical quantities from the grid area of 50Hertz Transmission GmbH.



Phi, Hai Binh; Bohm, Sebastian; Runge, Erich; Dittrich, Lars; Strehle, Steffen
3D passive microfluidic valves in silicon and glass using grayscale lithography and reactive ion etching transfer. - In: Microfluidics and nanofluidics, ISSN 1613-4990, Bd. 27 (2023), 8, 55, S. 1-12

A fabrication strategy for high-efficiency passive three-dimensional microfluidic valves with no mechanical parts fabricated in silicon and glass substrates is presented. 3D diffuser-nozzle valve structures were produced and characterized in their added value in comparison to conventional diffuser-nozzle valve designs with rectangular cross sections. A grayscale lithography approach for 3D photoresist structuring combined with a proportional transfer by reactive ion etching allowed to transfer 3D resist valve designs with high precision into the targeted substrate material. The efficiency with respect to the rectification characteristics or so-called diodicity of the studied valve designs is defined as the ratio of the pressure drops in backward and forward flow directions. The studied valve designs were characterized experimentally as well as numerically based on finite element simulations with overall matching results that demonstrate a significantly improved flow rectification of the 3D valves compared to the corresponding conventional structure. Our novel 3D valve structures show, for instance, even without systematic optimization a measured diodicity of up to 1.5 at low flow rates of only about 10 μl/s.



https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-023-02663-2
Grunert, Malte; Bohm, Sebastian; Honig, Hauke; Wang, Dong; Lienau, Christoph; Runge, Erich; Schaaf, Peter
Structural and optical properties of gold nanosponges revealed via 3D nano-reconstruction and phase-field models. - In: Communications materials, ISSN 2662-4443, Bd. 4 (2023), 1, 20, S. 1-13

Nanosponges are subject of intensive research due to their unique morphology, which leads among other effects to electrodynamic field localization generating a strongly nonlinear optical response at hot spots and thus enable a variety of applications. Accurate predictions of physical properties require detailed knowledge of the sponges’ chaotic nanometer-sized structure, posing a metrological challenge. A major goal is to obtain computer models with equivalent structural and optical properties. Here, to understand the sponges’ morphology, we present a procedure for their accurate 3D reconstruction using focused ion beam tomography. Additionally, we introduce a simulation method to create nanoporous sponge models with adjustable geometric properties. It is shown that if certain morphological parameters are similar for computer-generated and experimental sponges, their optical response, including magnitudes and hot spot locations, are also similar. Finally, we analyze the anisotropy of experimental sponges and present an easy-to-use method to reproduce arbitrary anisotropies in computer-generated sponges.



https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-023-00346-7
Großmann, Max; Bohm, Sebastian; Heyder, Stefan; Schwarzburg, Klaus; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Runge, Erich; Hannappel, Thomas
Generalized modeling of photoluminescence transients. - In: Physica status solidi, ISSN 1521-3951, Bd. 260 (2023), 1, 2200339, S. 1-12

Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements and the extraction of meaningful parameters involve four key ingredients: a suitable sample such as a semiconductor double heterostructure, a state-of-the-art measurement setup, a kinetic model appropriate for the description of the sample behavior, and a general analysis method to extract the model parameters of interest from the measured TRPL transients. Until now, the last ingredient is limited to single curve fits, which are mostly based on simple models and least-squares fits. These are often insufficient for the parameter extraction in real-world applications. The goal of this article is to give the community a universal method for the analysis of TRPL measurements, which accounts for the Poisson distribution of photon counting events. The method can be used to fit multiple TRPL transients simultaneously using general kinematic models, but should also be used for single transient fits. To demonstrate this approach, multiple TRPL transients of a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure are fitted simultaneously using coupled rate equations. It is shown that the simultaneous fits of several TRPL traces supplemented by systematic error estimations allow for a more meaningful and more robust parameter determination. The statistical methods also quantify the quality of the description by the underlying physical model.



https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.202200339
Bohm, Sebastian; Runge, Erich
Multiphysics simulation of fluid interface shapes in microfluidic systems driven by electrowetting on dielectrics. - In: Journal of applied physics, ISSN 1089-7550, Bd. 132 (2022), 22, S. 224702-1-224702-17

We present a highly efficient simulation method for the calculation of three-dimensional quasi-static interface shapes under the influence of electric fields. The method is especially useful for the simulation of microfluidic systems driven by electrowetting on dielectrics because it accounts automatically and inherently for the highly non-trivial interface shape in the vicinity of the triple-phase contact. In particular, the voltage independence of the local contact angle predicted based on analytical considerations is correctly reproduced in all our simulations. For the calculation of the shape of the interface, the geometry is triangulated and the mesh nodes are shifted until the system energy becomes minimal. The same mesh is also used to calculate the electric field using the boundary-element method. Therefore, only the surface of the geometry needs to be meshed, and no volume meshes are involved. The method can be used for the simulation of closed systems with a constant volume (e.g., droplet-based microfluidics) while preserving the volume very precisely as well as open systems (e.g., the liquid-air interface within micro-cavities or capillaries). Additional effects, such as the influence of gravitational forces, can easily be taken into account. In contrast to other efficient simulations, such as the volume-of-fluid, level-set, or phase-field methods, ideally, sharp interfaces are obtained. We calculate interface shapes for exemplary systems and compare with analytical as well as experimental results.



https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0110149
Moritz, Dominik Christian; Ruiz Alvarado, Isaac Azahel; Zare Pour, Mohammad Amin; Paszuk, Agnieszka; Frieß, Tilo; Runge, Erich; Hofmann, Jan Philipp; Hannappel, Thomas; Schmidt, W. Gero; Jaegermann, Wolfram
P-terminated InP (001) surfaces: surface band bending and reactivity to water. - In: ACS applied materials & interfaces, ISSN 1944-8252, Bd. 14 (2022), 41, S. 47255-47261

Stable InP (001) surfaces are characterized by fully occupied and empty surface states close to the bulk valence and conduction band edges, respectively. The present photoemission data show, however, a surface Fermi level pinning only slightly below the midgap energy which gives rise to an appreciable surface band bending. By means of density functional theory calculations, it is shown that this apparent discrepancy is due to surface defects that form at finite temperature. In particular, the desorption of hydrogen from metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy grown P-rich InP (001) surfaces exposes partially filled P dangling bonds that give rise to band gap states. These defects are investigated with respect to surface reactivity in contact with molecular water by low-temperature water adsorption experiments using photoemission spectroscopy and are compared to our computational results. Interestingly, these hydrogen-related gap states are robust with respect to water adsorption, provided that water does not dissociate. Because significant water dissociation is expected to occur at steps rather than terraces, surface band bending of a flat InP (001) surface is not affected by water exposure.



https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13352
Lauer, Kevin; Peh, Katharina; Schulze, Dirk; Ortlepp, Thomas; Runge, Erich; Krischok, Stefan
The ASi-Sii defect model of light-induced degradation (LID) in silicon: a discussion and review. - In: Physica status solidi, ISSN 1862-6319, Bd. 219 (2022), 19, 2200099, S. 1-10

The ASi-Sii defect model as one possible explanation for light-induced degradation (LID) in typically boron-doped silicon solar cells, detectors, and related systems is discussed and reviewed. Starting from the basic experiments which led to the ASi-Sii defect model, the ASi-Sii defect model (A: boron, or indium) is explained and contrasted to the assumption of a fast-diffusing so-called “boron interstitial.” An LID cycle of illumination and annealing is discussed within the conceptual frame of the ASi-Sii defect model. The dependence of the LID defect density on the interstitial oxygen concentration is explained within the ASi-Sii defect picture. By comparison of electron paramagnetic resonance data and minority carrier lifetime data related to the assumed fast diffusion of the “boron interstitial” and the annihilation of the fast LID component, respectively, the characteristic EPR signal Si-G28 in boron-doped silicon is related to a specific ASi-Sii defect state. Several other LID-related experiments are found to be consistent with an interpretation by an ASi-Sii defect.



https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202200099
Bohm, Sebastian; Phi, Hai Binh; Moriyama, Ayaka; Runge, Erich; Strehle, Steffen; König, Jörg; Cierpka, Christian; Dittrich, Lars
Highly efficient passive Tesla valves for microfluidic applications. - In: Microsystems & nanoengineering, ISSN 2055-7434, Bd. 8 (2022), 1, 97, S. 1-12

A multistage optimization method is developed yielding Tesla valves that are efficient even at low flow rates, characteristic, e.g., for almost all microfluidic systems, where passive valves have intrinsic advantages over active ones. We report on optimized structures that show a diodicity of up to 1.8 already at flow rates of 20 μl s^-1 corresponding to a Reynolds number of 36. Centerpiece of the design is a topological optimization based on the finite element method. It is set-up to yield easy-to-fabricate valve structures with a small footprint that can be directly used in microfluidic systems. Our numerical two-dimensional optimization takes into account the finite height of the channel approximately by means of a so-called shallow-channel approximation. Based on the three-dimensionally extruded optimized designs, various test structures were fabricated using standard, widely available microsystem manufacturing techniques. The manufacturing process is described in detail since it can be used for the production of similar cost-effective microfluidic systems. For the experimentally fabricated chips, the efficiency of the different valve designs, i.e., the diodicity defined as the ratio of the measured pressure drops in backward and forward flow directions, respectively, is measured and compared to theoretical predictions obtained from full 3D calculations of the Tesla valves. Good agreement is found. In addition to the direct measurement of the diodicities, the flow profiles in the fabricated test structures are determined using a two-dimensional microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) method. Again, a reasonable good agreement of the measured flow profiles with simulated predictions is observed.



https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-022-00437-4