Publikationsliste des Fachgebietes Theoretische Physik 2

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Jaurigue, Lina; Lüdge, Kathy
Reducing reservoir computer hyperparameter dependence by external timescale tailoring. - In: Neuromorphic computing and engineering, ISSN 2634-4386, Bd. 4 (2024), 1, 014001, S. 1-16

Task specific hyperparameter tuning in reservoir computing is an open issue, and is of particular relevance for hardware implemented reservoirs. We investigate the influence of directly including externally controllable task specific timescales on the performance and hyperparameter sensitivity of reservoir computing approaches. We show that the need for hyperparameter optimisation can be reduced if timescales of the reservoir are tailored to the specific task. Our results are mainly relevant for temporal tasks requiring memory of past inputs, for example chaotic timeseries prediction. We consider various methods of including task specific timescales in the reservoir computing approach and demonstrate the universality of our message by looking at both time-multiplexed and spatially-multiplexed reservoir computing.



https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad1d32
Čindrak, Saud; Donvil, Brecht; Lüdge, Kathy; Jaurigue, Lina
Enhancing the performance of quantum reservoir computing and solving the time-complexity problem by artificial memory restriction. - In: Physical review research, ISSN 2643-1564, Bd. 6 (2024), 1, 013051, S. 013051-1-013051-11

We propose a scheme that can enhance the performance and reduce the computational cost of quantum reservoir computing. Quantum reservoir computing is a computing approach which aims at utilizing the complexity and high dimensionality of small quantum systems, together with the fast trainability of reservoir computing, in order to solve complex tasks. The suitability of quantum reservoir computing for solving temporal tasks is hindered by the collapse of the quantum system when measurements are made. This leads to the erasure of the memory of the reservoir. Hence, for every output, the entire input signal is needed to reinitialize the reservoir, leading to quadratic time complexity. Another critical issue for the hardware implementation of quantum reservoir computing is the need for an experimentally accessible means of tuning the nonlinearity of the quantum reservoir. We present an approach which addresses both of these issues. We propose artificially restricting the memory of the quantum reservoir by only using a small number inputs to reinitialize the reservoir after measurements are performed. This strongly influences the nonlinearity of the reservoir response due to the influence of the initial reservoir state, while also substantially reducing the number of quantum operations needed to perform time-series prediction tasks due to the linear rather than quadratic time complexity. The reinitialization length therefore provides an experimental accessible means of tuning the nonlinearity of the response of the reservoir, which can lead to significant task-specific performance improvement. We numerically study the linear and quadratic algorithms for a fully connected transverse Ising model and a quantum processor model.



https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.013051
Lüdge, Kathy;
Photonic reservoir computing for energy efficient and versatile machine learning application. - In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Bd. 135 (2023), 2, S. 38-40

Time-multiplexed reservoir computing is a machine learning concept which can be realised in photonic hardware systems using only one physical node. The concept can be used for various problems, ranging from classification problems to time-series prediction tasks, while being fast and energy efficient. Here, a theoretical analysis of a reservoir computer realised via delay-coupled semiconductor lasers is presented and the role of the internal system time-scales and the bifurcation structure is discussed. It is further shown that optimal performance can be reached by tailoring the coupling delays to the specific memory requirements of the given task.



https://doi.org/10.1071/rs23006
Mühlnickel, Lukas; Jaurigue, Lina; Lüdge, Kathy
Delay-based reservoir computing with spin-VCSELs: interplay between internal dynamics and performance. - In: 2023 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), (2023), insges. 1 S.

Machine learning setups that are able to process data in the optical domain are ideal for on -chip hardware implementations [1]. Due to the fact that the training of hardware based solutions is complicated, a delay-based reservoir computing (RC) realization, where only the output weights need to be trained via linear regression, is very promising [2]. In this paper we investigate vertical cavity surface emitting laser with two mode emission (spin-VCSEL) as the nonlinear node for a delay-based RC setup. These lasers have the ability to exibit reprodicible and high speed dynamics [3] and are thus ideal candidates to increase the data injection rates which are limited by the clocktime [4], [5]. The focus of our numerical investigations is on the interplay between the internal charge carrier dynamics of the spin-VCSEL and its performance when operated in a delay-based RC setup with optically-injected phase-modulated data injection.



https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEO/Europe-EQEC57999.2023.10232555
Mijalkov, Mite; Gerboles, Blanca Zufiria; Vereb, Daniel; Lüdge, Kathy; Brunner, Daniel; Volpe, Giovanni; Pereira, Joana B.
Uncovering vulnerable connections in the aging brain using reservoir computing. - In: Emerging Topics in Artificial Intelligence (ETAI) 2023, (2023), PC1265508

We used reservoir computing to explore the changes in the connectivity patterns of whole-brain anatomical networks derived by diffusion-weighted imaging, and their impact on cognition during aging. The networks showed optimal performance at small densities. This performance decreased with increasing density, with the rate of decrease being strongly associated with age and performance on behavioural tasks measuring cognitive function. This suggests that a network core of anatomical hubs is crucial for optimal functioning, while weaker connections are more susceptible to aging effects. This study highlights the potential utility of reservoir computing in understanding age-related changes in cognitive function.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677364
Thurn, Andreas; Bissinger, Jochen; Meinecke, Stefan; Schmiedeke, Paul; Oh, Sang Soon; Chow, Weng W.; Lüdge, Kathy; Koblmüller, Gregor; Finley, Jonathan
Self-induced ultrafast electron-hole-plasma temperature oscillations in nanowire lasers. - In: Physical review applied, ISSN 2331-7019, Bd. 20 (2023), 3, S. 034045-1-034045-12

Nanowire lasers can be monolithically and site-selectively integrated onto silicon photonic circuits. To assess their full potential for ultrafast optoelectronic devices, a detailed understanding of their lasing dynamics is crucial. However, the roles played by their resonator geometry and the microscopic processes that mediate energy exchange between the photonic, electronic, and phononic subsystems are largely unexplored. Here, we study the dynamics of GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowire lasers at cryogenic temperatures using a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Our results indicate that these NW lasers exhibit sustained intensity oscillations with frequencies ranging from 160GHz to 260GHz. As the underlying physical mechanism, we have identified self-induced electron-hole plasma temperature oscillations resulting from a dynamic competition between photoinduced carrier heating and cooling via phonon scattering. These dynamics are intimately linked to the strong interaction between the lasing mode and the gain material, which arises from the wavelength-scale dimensions of these lasers. We anticipate that our results could lead to optimised approaches for ultrafast intensity and phase modulation of chip-integrated semiconductor lasers at the nanoscale.



https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.034045
Köster, Felix; Patel, Dhruvit; Wikner, Alexander; Jaurigue, Lina; Lüdge, Kathy
Data-informed reservoir computing for efficient time-series prediction. - In: Chaos, ISSN 1089-7682, Bd. 33 (2023), 7, 073109, S. 073109-1-073109-11

We propose a new approach to dynamical system forecasting called data-informed-reservoir computing (DI-RC) that, while solely being based on data, yields increased accuracy, reduced computational cost, and mitigates tedious hyper-parameter optimization of the reservoir computer (RC). Our DI-RC approach is based on the recently proposed hybrid setup where a knowledge-based model is combined with a machine learning prediction system, but it replaces the knowledge-based component by a data-driven model discovery technique. As a result, our approach can be chosen when a suitable knowledge-based model is not available. We demonstrate our approach using a delay-based RC as the machine learning component in conjunction with sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems for the data-driven model component. We test the performance on two example systems: the Lorenz system and the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky system. Our results indicate that our proposed technique can yield an improvement in the time-series forecasting capabilities compared with both approaches applied individually, while remaining computationally cheap. The benefit of our proposed approach, compared with pure RC, is most pronounced when the reservoir parameters are not optimized, thereby reducing the need for hyperparameter optimization.



https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0152311
Meinecke, Stefan; Köster, Felix; Christiansen, Dominik; Lüdge, Kathy; Knorr, Andreas; Selig, Malte
Data-driven forecasting of nonequilibrium solid-state dynamics. - In: Physical review, ISSN 2469-9969, Bd. 107 (2023), 18, 184306, S. 184306-1-184306-18

We present a data-driven approach to efficiently approximate nonlinear transient dynamics in solid-state systems. Our proposed machine-learning model combines a dimensionality reduction stage with a nonlinear vector autoregression scheme. We report an outstanding time-series forecasting performance combined with an easy-to-deploy model and an inexpensive training routine. Our results are of great relevance as they have the potential to massively accelerate multiphysics simulation software and thereby guide the future development of solid-state-based technologies.



https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.107.184306
Roos, Aycke; Meinecke, Stefan; Lüdge, Kathy
Spontaneous emission noise resilience of coupled nanolasers. - In: Frontiers in photonics, ISSN 2673-6853, Bd. 4 (2023), 1169988, S. 01-06

We investigate the spontaneous emission noise resilience of the phase-locked operation of two delay-coupled nanolasers. The system is modeled by semi-classical Maxwell-Bloch rate equations with stochastic Langevin-type noise sources. Our results reveal that a polarization dephasing time of two to three times the cavity photon lifetime maximizes the system’s ability to remain phase-locked in the presence of noise-induced perturbations. The Langevin noise term is caused by spontaneous emission processes which change both the intensity auto-correlation properties of the solitary lasers and the coupled system. In an experimental setup, these quantities are measurable and can be directly compared to our numerical data. The strong parameter dependence of the noise tolerance that we find may show possible routes for the design of robust on-chip integrated networks of nanolasers.



https://doi.org/10.3389/fphot.2023.1169988
Meßner, Leon; Robertson, Elizabeth; Esguerra, Luisa; Lüdge, Kathy; Wolters, Janik
Multiplexed random-access optical memory in warm cesium vapor. - In: Optics express, ISSN 1094-4087, Bd. 31 (2023), 6, S. 10150-10158

The ability to store large amounts of photonic quantum states is regarded as substantial for future optical quantum computation and communication technologies. However, research for multiplexed quantum memories has been focused on systems that show good performance only after an elaborate preparation of the storage media. This makes it generally more difficult to apply outside a laboratory environment. In this work, we demonstrate a multiplexed random-access memory to store up to four optical pulses using electromagnetically induced transparency in warm cesium vapor. Using a Λ-System on the hyperfine transitions of the Cs D1 line, we achieve a mean internal storage efficiency of 36% and a 1/e lifetime of 3.2 µs. In combination with future improvements, this work facilitates the implementation of multiplexed memories in future quantum communication and computation infrastructures.



https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.483642