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Fischer, Gerald; Haueisen, Jens; Baumgarten, Daniel; Kofler, Markus
Spectral separation of evoked and spontaneous cortical activity, Part 1: Delta to high gamma band. - In: Biomedical signal processing and control, ISSN 1746-8108, Bd. 92 (2024), 106094, S. 1-11

Spectral analysis of repeatedly evoked potentials (EPs) is challenging since recordings contain a superposition of evoked signals and spontaneous activity. We developed a novel approach, N-interval Fourier Transform Analysis (N-FTA), which allows for reliable separation and simultaneous assessment of triggered and background spectral components. Median nerve stimulation data from a total of eleven volunteers recorded in two labs with different experimental settings were investigated. Consistently, short latency spectral components were mainly contained in the gamma and high gamma bands. In contrast, spontaneous activity displayed a 1/f spectral profile with distinct alpha and beta peaks. Spontaneous power spectral densities (PSDs) obtained for real and sham stimulation were highly comparable. The low frequency background PSD was more than two orders of magnitude above the spectral short latency peaks. Within the 30Hz to 90Hz band, the evoked peaks were -17dB to -4dB below the background suggesting that target band filtered short latency deflection might be extracted using less than 100 trials. SEPs following tibial nerve stimulation (3 subjects) displayed a narrower spectral band at about half the bandwidth as compared to median nerve stimulation. Evoked peaks were between 30Hz and 37Hz at PSD levels being -10dB to -4dB below the background activity. These spectral peaks were related to the short latency response of typical W-morphology. Cortical short latency responses are contained in distinct spectral target bands which are much narrower than the standard bandwidth recommendations for routine recordings. In particular, the high pass corner frequency may be selected about one order of magnitude above the current standard. This might render SEP recordings more robust since it eases the suppression of spontaneous activity and movement artifacts such as eye-blinks. Real-time zero-phase filters are required for translating these findings into improved recording systems.



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106094
Oppermann, Hannes; Thelen, Antonia; Haueisen, Jens
Single-trial EEG analysis reveals burst structure during photic driving. - In: Clinical neurophysiology, ISSN 1872-8952, Bd. 159 (2024), S. 66-74

Objective: Photic driving in the human visual cortex evoked by intermittent photic stimulation is usually characterized in averaged data by an ongoing oscillation showing frequency entrainment and resonance phenomena during the course of stimulation. We challenge this view of an ongoing oscillation by analyzing unaveraged data. Methods: 64-channel EEGs were recorded during visual stimulation with light flashes at eight stimulation frequencies between 7.8 and 23 Hz for fourteen healthy volunteers. Time-frequency analyses were performed in averaged and unaveraged data. Results: While we find ongoing oscillations in the averaged data during intermittent photic stimulation, we find transient events (bursts) of activity in the unaveraged data. Both resonance and entrainment occur for the ongoing oscillations in the averaged data and the bursts in the unaveraged data. Conclusions: We argue that the continuous oscillations in the averaged signal may be composed of brief, transient bursts in single trials. Our results can also explain previously observed amplitude fluctuations in averaged photic driving data. Significance: Single-trial analyses might consequently improve our understanding of resonance and entrainment phenomena in the brain.



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2024.01.005
Schuler, Ramona; Langer, Andreas; Marquardt, Christoph; Kalev, Georgi; Meisinger, Maximilian; Bandura, Julia; Schiedeck, Thomas; Goos, Matthias; Vette, Albert; Konschake, Marko
Automatic muscle impedance and nerve analyzer (AMINA) as a novel approach for classifying bioimpedance signals in intraoperative pelvic neuromonitoring. - In: Scientific reports, ISSN 2045-2322, Bd. 14 (2024), 654, S. 1-15

Frequent complications arising from low anterior resections include urinary and fecal incontinence, as well as sexual disorders, which are commonly associated with damage to the pelvic autonomic nerves during surgery. To assist the surgeon in preserving pelvic autonomic nerves, a novel approach for intraoperative pelvic neuromonitoring was investigated that is based on impedance measurements of the innervated organs. The objective of this work was to develop an algorithm called AMINA to classify the bioimpedance signals, with the goal of facilitating signal interpretation for the surgeon. Thirty patients included in a clinical investigation underwent nerve-preserving robotic rectal surgery using intraoperative pelvic neuromonitoring. Contraction of the urinary bladder and/or rectum, triggered by direct stimulation of the innervating nerves, resulted in a change in tissue impedance signal, allowing the nerves to be identified and preserved. Impedance signal characteristics in the time domain and the time-frequency domain were calculated and classified to develop the AMINA. Stimulation-induced positive impedance changes were statistically significantly different from negative stimulation responses by the percent amplitude of impedance change Amax in the time domain. Positive impedance changes and artifacts were distinguished by classifying wavelet scales resulting from peak detection in the continuous wavelet transform scalogram, which allowed implementation of a decision tree underlying the AMINA. The sensitivity of the software-based signal evaluation by the AMINA was 96.3%, whereas its specificity was 91.2%. This approach streamlines and automates the interpretation of impedance signals during intraoperative pelvic neuromonitoring.



https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50504-7
Machts, René; Hunold, Alexander; Drebenstedt, Christian; Rock, Michael; Leu, Carsten; Haueisen, Jens
Rain may improve survival from direct lightning strikes to the human head. - In: Scientific reports, ISSN 2045-2322, Bd. 14 (2024), 1695, S. 1-9

There is evidence that humans can survive a direct lightning strike to the head. Our question is: could water (rain) on the skin contribute to an increase in the survival rate? We measure the influence of rain during high-energy direct lightning strikes on a realistic three-compartment human head phantom. We find a lower number of perforations and eroded areas near the lightning strike impact points on the head phantom when rain was applied compared to no rain. Current amplitudes in the brain were lower with rain compared to no rain before a fully formed flashover. We conclude that rain on the scalp potentially contributes to the survival rate of 70-90% due to: (1) lower current exposition in the brain before a fully formed flashover, and (2) reduced mechanical and thermal damage.



https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50563-w
Müller, Erik; Petkoviâc, Bojana; Ziolkowski, Marek; Weise, Konstantin; Töpfer, Hannes; Haueisen, Jens
An improved GPU-optimized fictitious surface charge method for transcranial magnetic stimulation. - In: IEEE transactions on magnetics, ISSN 1941-0069, Bd. 60 (2024), 3, 5100104, insges. 4 S.

The fictitious surface charge method (FSCM) is used for the calculation of the induced electrical field in magnetic stimulation. The method was embedded and optimized in Python. It was designed to allow for the computation of large problems. An element-wise Jacobi method was combined with vectorized matrix operations to increase the parallelization capabilities and enable GPU computing. The induced fields are compared against an analytical solution for a homogeneous sphere and a FEM solution on a realistic head model. The results for both cases show that the normalized root mean square error of less than 0.5% can be achieved with the integral-free FSCM even on low-performance computer hardware.



https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2023.3334747
Walter, Uwe; Brandt, Stephan A.; Förderreuther, Stefanie; Günther, Albrecht; Hansen, Hans-Christian; Haueisen, Jens; Salih, Farid; Weise, David
Recommendations of the German Society for Clinical Neurophysiology and Functional Imaging for the diagnosis of irreversible loss of brain function :
Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Klinische Neurophysiologie und Funktionelle Bildgebung (DGKN) zur Diagnostik des irreversiblen Hirnfunktionsausfalls. - In: Klinische Neurophysiologie, ISSN 1439-4081, Bd. 54 (2023), 4, S. 221-230

Im Zuge der Fünften Fortschreibung der Richtlinie der Bundesärztekammer zur Feststellung des irreversiblen Hirnfunktionsausfalls, gültig seit September 2022, wurden die Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Klinische Neurophysiologie und Funktionelle Bildgebung (DGKN) zu den ergänzenden elektrophysiologischen und Doppler-sonografischen Untersuchungen aktualisiert. Die hier präsentierten Empfehlungen der DGKN beinhalten die Indikationen, Voraussetzungen und die Durchführung dieser Zusatzverfahren bei Kindern und Erwachsenen.



https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2069-3379
Fischer, Gerald; Kofler, Markus; Baumgarten, Daniel
Implementation of N-Interval fourier transform analysis - application to compound action potentials. - In: MethodsX, ISSN 2215-0161, Bd. 11 (2023), 102441, S. 1-10

N-Interval Fourier Transform Analysis (N-FTA) allows for spectral separation of a periodic target signal from uncorrelated background interference. A N-FTA pseudo-code is presented. The spectral resolution is defined by the repetition rate of the near periodic signal. Acceptance criteria for spectral targets were defined such that the probability of accepting false positives is less than 1/1500. Simulated and recorded neural compound action potentials (CAPs) were investigated. Simulated data allowed for comparison with reference solutions demonstrating the stability of N-FTA at conditions being comparable to real world data. Background activity was assessed with small errors. Evoked target components were assessed down to power spectral density being approximately N times below the background level. Validation was completed investigating a measured CAP. In neurophysiological recordings, this approach allows for accurate separation of near periodic evoked activity from uncorrelated background activities for frequencies below 1kHz. • N-FTA allows for spectral separation of a periodic target signal from uncorrelated interference by analyzing a segment containing N target signal repetitions. • A MATLAB implementation of the algorithm is provided along with simulated and recorded data. • N-FTA was successfully validated using simulated and measured data for CAPs.



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102441
Fiedler, Patrique; Graichen, Uwe; Zimmer, Ellen; Haueisen, Jens
Simultaneous dry and gel-based high-density electroencephalography recordings. - In: Sensors, ISSN 1424-8220, Bd. 23 (2023), 24, 9745, S. 1-12

Evaluations of new dry, high-density EEG caps have only been performed so far with serial measurements and not with simultaneous (parallel) measurements. For a first comparison of gel-based and dry electrode performance in simultaneous high-density EEG measurements, we developed a new EEG cap comprising 64 gel-based and 64 dry electrodes and performed simultaneous measurements on ten volunteers. We analyzed electrode-skin impedances, resting state EEG, triggered eye blinks, and visual evoked potentials (VEPs). To overcome the issue of different electrode positions in the comparison of simultaneous measurements, we performed spatial frequency analysis of the simultaneously measured EEGs using spatial harmonic analysis (SPHARA). The impedances were 516 ± 429 kOhm (mean ± std) for the dry electrodes and 14 ± 8 kOhm for the gel-based electrodes. For the dry EEG electrodes, we obtained a channel reliability of 77%. We observed no differences between dry and gel-based recordings for the alpha peak frequency and the alpha power amplitude, as well as for the VEP peak amplitudes and latencies. For the VEP, the RMSD and the correlation coefficient between the gel-based and dry recordings were 1.7 ± 0.7 μV and 0.97 ± 0.03, respectively. We observed no differences in the cumulative power distributions of the spatial frequency components for the N75 and P100 VEP peaks. The differences for the N145 VEP peak were attributed to the different noise characteristics of gel-based and dry recordings. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the equivalence of simultaneous dry and gel-based high-density EEG measurements.



https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249745
Charleston-Villalobos, Sonia; Javorka, Michal; Faes, Luca; Voss, Andreas
Editorial: Granger causality and information transfer in physiological systems: basic research and applications. - In: Frontiers in network physiology, ISSN 2674-0109, Bd. 3 (2023), 1284256, S. 01-03

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnetp.2023.1284256
&hacek;Du&hacek;dák, Juraj; Gašpar, Gabriel; Budjač, Roman; Sládek, Ivan; Husar, Peter
A low-power data logger with simple file system for long-term environmental monitoring in remote areas. - In: IEEE sensors journal, ISSN 1558-1748, Bd. 23 (2023), 24, S. 31178-31195

This research addresses the long-term measurement of environmental data in geographically remote areas and an energy-optimized method of storing data on a storage medium. For this purpose, we have developed our measurement module ADL - Advanced Data Logger. In terms of connectivity, the module operates in 3 modes: offline - when measured data is primarily stored on the storage medium; IoT ready - measured data is stored on the storage medium and sent to the remote server in defined batches; online mode - when measured data is preferably sent to the remote server immediately after measurement. The design aims to minimize the module’s power consumption so that the autonomous operating time is close to one year. As part of the design, the simpleFS software module is designed for the role of a simple file system optimized to minimize I/O operations. Its other feature in data storage is the automatic normalization of the data transmitted from the attached sensors. The last part of the design is the AdlReader software solution, used to configure the hardware (HW) module and to retrieve the measured data files. We verified the correct operation of the ADL module along with nine sensors built in a vertical soil temperature profile probe in experimental installation and operation for two months. According to the requirements for our solution, the expected operation time of the ADL module is 9 - 12 months.



https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3328357