Abbreviations

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A	Application (Layer) / Anwendungsschicht
A	Address (IP-Adresse in DNS-Einträgen)
ABR	Associativity-Based Routing, Available Bit Rate
AC	Access Control
ACCH	Associated CCH
ACL	Asynchronous Connectionless
ACK	Acknowledge(ment)
ACTS	Advanced Communication Technologies and Services
AGCH	Access Grant Channel
AH	Application Header
AH	Authentication Header
AIB	Alias Information Base
AIUR	Air Interface User Rate
AM	Access Module
AMPS	Advanced Mobile Phone System/Service
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
AODV	Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
AP	Access Point
ARC	Access Right Class
ARD	Access Right Details
ARI	Access Rights Identity
ARP	Address Resolution Protocol
ARPA	Advanced Research Project Agency
ARPAnet	ARPA network (erstes Internet-Backbone)
ARQ	Automatic Repeat ReQuest
A-SAP	Application (Layer) SAP
ASCII	American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASE	Application Service Element
Asl	Anschlussleitung
ASN.1	Abstract Syntax Notation 1
ASTRA	Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association, Automatic Satellite Tracking Research Antenna
AT	Access Tandem, Advanced Technology
ATIM	Ad hoc Traffic Indication Map
ATM	Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUC	Authentication Center

BCCH	Broadcast CCH
BCS	Block Check Sequence
BER	Basic Encoding Rules
BGP	Border Gateway Protocol
BIS	Bump In The Stack
B-ISDN	Broadband ISDN
BMBF	Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung
BN	Boundary Node
BS	Base Station
BSC	Base Station Controller
BSD	Berkeley Standard Distribution
BSS	Base Station System/Subsystem, Basic Service Set
BSSAP	BSS Application Part
BSSGP	BSS GPRS Protocol
BSSID	Basic Service Set Identification
BTS	Base Tranceiver Station
BTSM	BTS Management

CAC	Channel Access Control, Call/Connection Admission Control
CAMEL	Customized Applications for Mobile Enchanced Logic
CAN	City oder Controller Area Network
CBC	Cipher Block Chaining
CBR	Constant Bit Rate
CC	Connect Confirmation (PDU)
CCA	Clear Channel Assessment
CCCH	Common CCH
CCH	Control Channel
CCIR	Consultative Committee on International Radio
CCITT	Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access
CEDAR	Core-Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing
CEP	Connection End Point
CEPT	Conférence Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des Télécommunications
CERN	Conseil Européenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research)
CF	Coordination Function, Call Forwarding
CGI	Common Gateway Interface
CGSR	Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing
CH	Channel
cHTML	compact HTML
CI	Congestion Indicator, Configuration Item
CIA	Confidentiality, Integrity & Authenticity
CIDR	Classless Inter-Domain Routing
CLNS	Connectionless(-mode) Network Service
CM	Connection/Call Management
CN	Core Network
CNAME	Canonical Name
Cnf	Confirmation (Bestätigung)
COMM	Communication
CONS	Connection Oriented Networking Service
CPU	Central Processing Unit
CR	Connect Request (PDU)
CRC	Cyclic Redundancy Check
CRC16	CRC mit 16 Bit Pruefsumme
CRLF	Carriage Return Line Feed
CS	Computer Science
CS	Circuit Switched, Cordless System
CSD	Circuit Switched Data, Circuit Switched Domain
CSMA/CA	Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
CSMA/CD	Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
CSPDN	Circuit Switched Public Data Network
CT	Cordless Telecommunications/Telephony
CTS	Clear to Send

DA	Destination Address
DAB	Digital Audio Broadcasting
DAMA	Demand Assigned Multiple Access
DATEX-P	Data Exchange packed switched
DBPSK	Differential Binary PSK
DC	Disconnect (PDU)
DCCH	Dedicated Control Channel
DCL	Direct Communications Link
DCS	Dynamic Channel Selection
DDIB	Duplicate Detection Information Base
DEE	Datenendeinrichtung
DECT	Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, Digital European Cordless Telephony
DES	Data Encryption Standard
DF	Don't Fragment
DFWMAC-DCF	Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC Distributed Coordination Function
DFWMAC-PCF	Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC Point Coordination Function
DH	Diffi/Hellman (Schlüsselaustauschverfahren)
DHCP	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
D_i	Dienstschnittstelle zur Schicht i
DiffServ	Differentiated Service
DIFS	Distributed Coordination Funtion Inter-frame Space
DIN	Deutsches Institut für Normung
DIS	Draft International Standard
DL	Data Link (Layer) / Sicherungsschicht
DLC	Data Link Control
DLH	Data Link Header
DLT	Data Link Trailer
DNS	Domaine Name System
DoD	Department of Defense
DoS	Denial of Service
DP	Draft Proposal
DPCCH	Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPCH	Dedicated Physical Channel
DPDCH	Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DQPSK	Differential Quadrature PSK
DRF	Data Recovery Field
DRNC	Drift RNC
DRNS	Drift RNS
DS	Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
DS	Distribution System
DSA	Digital Signature Algorithm
DSDV	Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing
DSL	Digital Subscriber Line
DSR	Dynamic Source Routing
DSSS	Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DT	Data (PDU)
DTAG	Deutsche Telekom AG
DTD	Document Type Definition
DTH	Direct to Home
DTIM	Delivery Traffic Indication Map
DTO	Direct to Office
DÜE	Datenübertragungseinrichtung
DVB	Digital Video Broadcast/Broadcasting
DVB-T	DVB-Terrestrial

E-Mail	Electronic Mail
EBONE	European Backbone
ECB	Electronic Codebook
ECMA	European Computer Manufacturers Association
EDGE	Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EFI	External Facility Interface
EGP	Exterior Gateway Protocol
EIR	Equipment Identity Register
EMD	Edelmetall-Motor-Drehwähler
EOM	End Of Message
ESP	Encapsulating Security Payload
ESnet	The Energy Sciences Network
ET	Exchange Termination
ETS	European Telecommunication Standard
ETSI	European Telecommunication Standards Institute
EUnet-IRB	European Unix Network - Informationszentrum Raum und Bau
EYNPMA	Elimination Yield Nonpreemptive Multiple-access

Range of courses

Experience university

Start of studies

Student Life

Before the study

Range of courses

Study organization

Further offers

Information and Advice

In study

Career Start

Start-up Service

Further training

Alumni

After graduation

Contact

Common abbreviations

FACCH	Fast ACCH
FAX	Telefax/Faksimile
FBI	Feedback Information
FCCH	Frequency Correction Channel
FCS	Frame Check Sequence/Sum, Fast Circuit Switching
FDD	Frequency Division Duplex
FDDI	Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDMA	Frequency Division Multiple Access
FEC	Forward Error Correction
FeVSt	Fernvermittlungsstelle
FH	Frequency Hopping
FHSS	FH Spread Spectrum
FIFO	First In First Out
FIN	Final
FIR	Fast IR
FLEX	Fast LEXical analyzer generator
FP	Fixed Part
FPC	Fixed Part Controller
FR	Frame Relay
FSK	Frequency Shift Keying
FT	Fixed Radio Termination
FTAM	File Transfer, Access and Management
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
FVM	Fernvermittlung
FYI	For Your Information

GAN	Global Area Network
GAP	Generic Access Profile/Protocol
GEO	Geostationary Earth Orbit
GFSK	Gaussian FSK
GGSN	Gateway GSN
GI	Generic Identifier
GIF	Graphics Interchange Format
GIP	DECT/GSM Interworking Profile
GMM	Global Multimedia Mobility
GMSC	Gateway Mobile Switching Center
GMSK	Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GMX	Global Message Exchange
GPRS	General Packet Radio Service
GPS	Global Positioning System
GR	GPRS Register
GSM	Global System for Mobile Communications
GSM-CS	GSM Cordless System
GSM-PLMN	GSM-Public Land Mobile Network
GSM-R	GSM-Railway
GSN	GPRS Support Node
GTP	GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GUTS	Guaranteed Uptime Support
GWL	Gateway Link

HCI	Host Controller Interface
HDB	Home Database
HDLC	High-level Data Link Control
HEC	Header Error Check
HEO	Highly Elliptical Orbit
HIB	Hello Inforamtion Base
HINFO	Host Information
HIPERLAN	High Performance European Radio LAN
HL	Header Length
HLR	Home Location Register
HM	HIPERLAN MAC, Hybrid Method
HMAC	Keyed Hashing for Message Authentication Codes
HO	Handover
HP	HIPERLAN Physical
HSCDS	High Speed Circuit Switched Data
HTML	HyperText Markup Language
HTTP	HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTPS	HTTP Secure

I_n^k	Protokollinstanz k der Schicht n
IA5	Internationales Alphabet Nr. 5
IANA	Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IAP/IIP	ISDN Interworking Profiles
IAS	Interactive Application System
IBMS	Integrated Broadband Mobile Systems
ICI	Interface Control Information
ICMP	Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMPv6	Internet Control Message Protocol version 6
ICO	Intermediate/Inclined Circular Orbit
ID	Identifikation
IDEA	International Data Encryption Algorithm
IDU	Interface Data Unit
IEC	International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronis Engineers, Institute of Electrotechnical and Electronical Engineers
IESG	Internet Engineering Steering Group
IETF	Internet Engineering Task Force
IGMP	Internet Group Management Protocol
IGP	Interior Gateway Protocol
IMAP	Internet Message Access Protocol
IMEI	International Mobile Equipment Identity
i-MODE	Information Mode
IMSI	International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMT	International Mobile Telecommunications
IMT-DS	IMT Direct Spread
IMT-FT	IMT Frequency Time
IMT-MC	IMT Multi Carrier
IMT-SC	IMT Single Carrier
IMT-TC	IMT Time Code
IN	Intelligentes Netz (Intelligent Network)
IN	Interior Node
Ind	Indication (Anzeige)
IP	Internet Protocol
IPng	IP Next Generation
IPSec	IP Security
IPUI	International Portable User Identitity
IPv6	IP Version 6
IPX	Internetwork Packet eXchange (von Novell Inc.)
IR	Infrared
IrDA	Infrared Data Association
IrLAN	Infrared LAN
IrOBEX	Infrared OBEX
IS	International Standard
IS-IS	Intermediate System-Intermediate System
ISBN	International Standard Book Number
ISC	Internet Software Consortium
ISDN	Integrated Services Digital Network
ISL	Inter-Satellite Link
ISM	Industrial, Scientific and Medical Band
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
IT	Information Technology
ITU	International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R	ITU-Radiocommunication Sector
ITU-T	ITU-Telecommunication Standardization Sector
IV	Initialisierungsvektor
IWF	Interworking Function/Facility

KDC	Key Distribution Center
KF	Koppelfeld
km	Kilometer
KP	Kommunikationspartner

L2CAP	Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
LAN	Local Area Network
LAI	Location Area Identity/Code
LAP	Link Access Protocol/Procedure/LAN Access Profile
LAPD	Link Access Protocol D-Channel
LAPDm	LAPD mobile
LBR	Low Bit Rate
LBT	Listen before Talk
Lc+LAPC	Link Access Procedure for the C-Plane
LCP	Link Control Protocol
LEAF	Law Enforcement Access Field
LEO	Low Earth Orbit
LLC	Logical Link Control
LM-MUX	Link Management MUX
LMP	Link Manager Protocol, LAN Management Protocol
LMR	Lightweight Mobile Routing
LNB	Low-noise Block (Converter)
LOS	Line of Sight
LR	Location Register
LS	Leitungssatz
LSAP	Logical SAP
LT	Line Termination
LUP	Location Update
LWL	Lichtwellenleiter
LWT	Listen while Talk

m	Meter
MAC	Medium Access Control
MAC	Message Authentication Code
MACE	Middleware Architecture Committee for Education
MAN	Metropolitan Area Network
MAP	Mobile Application Part
MBS	Mobile Broadband System, Maximum Burst Size
MC-CDMA	Multi Carrier CDMA
m-commerce	mobile commerce
MD5	Message Digest 5
MDC	Message Digest Code
MEDIAN	Wireless Short-Range Network for Multimedia Applications
MEO	Medium Earth Orbit
MF	More Fragments
MHS	Message Handling System
M_i	(abstraktes) Medium i
MIB	Management Information Base
MIME	Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
MIT	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MM	Mobile Management, Multimedia
MMS	Multimedia Messaging Service
MP3	MPEG [Moving Picture Experts Group] Audio Layer 3
MPEG	Moving Picture Experts Group
MODEM	Modulator-Demodulator
MPAK	Mobitex Packet
MPLS	Multiprotocol Label Switching
MS	Mobile Station
MSC	Mobile Switching Center
MSRN	Mobile Station Roaming Number
MT	Mobile Terminal/Termination
MTU	Maximum Transmission/Transfer Unit
MUL	Mobile User Link
MUX	Multiplexer
MX	Mail Exchange

N	Network (Layer) / Vermittlungsschicht
NAT	Network Address Translation
NAT-PT	Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation
NAV	Network Allocation Vector
NCH	Notification Channel
NCP	Network Control Protocol
NDM	Normal Disconnect Mode
NGI	Next Generation Internet
NH	Network Header
NH	Next Header
NIB	Neighbor Information Base
NLA	Next-Level Aggregation
NMT	Nordic Mobile Telephone
NNTP	Net(work) News Transfer Protocol
NOC	Network Operations Center
NRM	Normal Response Mode
NSAPI	Network Service Access Point Identifier
NSS	Network Switching Subsystem
NT	New Technology ;-)
NT	Network Termination/Terminator
NTT	Nippon Telephone and Telegraph

OBEX	Object Exchange Protocol
OFDM	Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
OMC	Operation and Maintenance Cente
OSI	Open Systems Interconnection
OSF	Open Software Foundation
OSPF	Open Shortest Path First
OSS	Operation and Support System, Operation Subsystem
OTA	Over the Air
OVM	Ortsvermittlung
OVSt	Ortsvermittlungsstelle

P	Presentation (Layer) / Darstellungsschicht
P2P	Peer-to-Peer
PA	Portable Application
PACCH	Packet Associated CCH
PAGH	Packet Access Grant Channel
PAN	Personal Area Network
PBCCH	Packet Broadcast CCH
PC	Personal Computer
PCCCH	Packet Common CCH
PCH	Paging Channel
PCI	Protocol Control Information
PCF	Point Coordination Function
PCM	Pulse Code Modulation
PCS	Personal Communication Services
PDA	Personal Digital Assistant
PDB	Per-Domain Behavior
PDC	Personal Digital Communications
PDCCH	Packet Dedicated CCH
PDC-P	PDC paketorientiert
PDF	Portable Document Format
PDH	Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PDN	Public Data Network
PDP	Packet Data Protocol
PDTCH	Packet Data TCH
PDU	Protocol Data Unit
PGP	Pretty Good Privacy
Ph	Physical (Layer) / Bitübertragungsschicht
PH	Presentation Header
PHB	Per-Hop Behavior
PHY	Physical Layer
PIFS	Point Coordination Function Inter-frame Space
PIM	Personal Information Manager
PIN	Personal Identification Number
PKI	Public Key Infrastructure
PLCP	Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
PLMN	Public Land Mobile Network
PLW	PLCD_PDU Length Word
PMD	Physical Medium Dependent
PNCH	Packet Notification Channel
POP3	Post Office Protocol Version 3
PP	Portable Part
PPCH	Packet Paging Channel
PPP	Point-tu-Point Protocol
PRACH	Packet Random Access Channel
PRMA	Packet Reservation Multiple Access
PS	Packet Switched
PSD	Packet Switched Domain
PSDN	Packet Switched Data Network
PSF	PLCP Signaling Field
PSH	Push
PSK	Phase Shift Keying
PSPDN	Packet Switched PDN
PSTN	Public Switched Telephone Network
PT	Portable Radio Termination
PTCCH	Packet Timing Advance CCH
PTM	Point-to-Multipoint
PTM-G	PTM Group Call
PTM-M	PTM Multicast
P-TMSI	Packet TMSI
PTP	Point-to-Point, Peer-to-Peer
PTT	Post(al), Telephone, and Telegraph administration
PVC	Permanent Virtual Circuit
PUK	Personal Unblocking Key
PUN	Portable User Number
PUT	Portable User Type
PWT	Personal Wireless Telecommunication

RA	Receiver Address
RACE	Research and development program in Advanced Communications in Europe
RACH	Random Access Channel
RAI	Routing Area Identity
RAID	Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks
RAND	Random, Rural Area Network Design
RAP	Radio Local Loop Access Profile
RARP	Revers Address Resolution Protocol
RDMAR	Relative-Distance Micro-discovery Ad hoc Routing
RDS	Resolver Discovery Service
Req	Request (Anforderung)
RFC	Request for Comments
RFOMM	Radio-Frequency Communications Manager
RFP	Radio Fixed Part
RFPI	Radio Fixed Part Identity
RIB	Route Information Base
RIP	Routing Information Protocol
RIPE	RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation
RIPEMD	RIPE Message Digest
RLC	Radio Link Control
RNC	Radio Network Controller
RNS	Radio Network Subsystem
RR	Radio Ressource Management/Ressource Record
RSA	Rivest Shamir Adleman (Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus)
Rsp	Response (Antwort)
RSS	Radio Subsystem, Rich Site Summary
RST	Reset
RSVP	Resource ReSerVation Protocol
RTP	Real Time Protocol
RTS	Request to Send
RTT	Round Trip Time

S	Session (Layer) / Kommunikationssteuerungsschicht
SA	Source Address
SACCH	Slow ACCH
SAMBA	abgeleitet von SMB
SAP	Service Access Point
SC	SubCommittee
SCH	Synchronisation Channel
SCO	Synchronous Connection-Oriented
scp	secure copy
SDCCH	Slow DCCH
SDH	Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDMA	Space Division Multiple Access
SDP	Service Discovery Protocol, Session Description Protocol
SDU	Service Data Unit
SEC-SAP	Security (Layer) SAP
SEQN	Sequence Number
SFD	Start Frame Delimiter
SGML	Standardized General Markup Language
SGMP	Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol
SGSN	Serving GSN
SH	Session Header
SHA	Secure Hash Algorithm
SIFS	Short Inter Frame Spacing
SIG	Special Interest Group
SIIT	Stateless IP/ICMP Translator
SIM	Subscriber Identity Module
SIPP	Simple Internet Protocol Plus
SIR	Serial IR
SLA	Service Level Agreement
SLA	Site-Level Aggregation
SLIP	Serial Line IP
SMB	Server Message Block
SMRIB	Source Multipoint Relay Information Base
SMI	Structure Of Management Information
SMS	Short Message Service
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNDCP	Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol/Procedure
SNMP	Simple Network Management Protocol
SNMPv2	Simple Network Management Protocol version 2
SNMPv3	Simple Network Management Protocol version 3

T	Transport (Layer) / Transportschicht
TA	Terminal Adaptor, Transmitter Address
TC	Technical Committee
TCH	Traffic Channel
TCH/F	TCH full rate
TCH/H	TCH half rate
TCP	Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP	Bezeichnung für die gesamte Internet-Protokollfamilie
TCS	BIN Telephony Control Service Binary
TCS	Telephony Control Service, Transmission Convergence Sub-layer
TDCDMA	Time Division CDMA
TD	Time Division Duplex
TDMA	Time Division Multiple Access
TE	Terminal Equipment
TETRA	Terrestrial Trunked Radio, Trans European Trunked Radio Access
TETRA-BOS	TETRA fuer Behoerden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben
TFCI	Transport Format Combination Indicator
TH	Transport Header
TID	Tunnel ID
TIM	Traffic Indication Map
TIMES	Telecommunciation; Information; Multimedia; Entertainment; Security
TIP	Topology Information Base
TK	Telekommunikation
TLA	Top-Level Aggregation
TLLI	Temporary Logical Link Identity
TLS	Tramsport Layer Security
TMSI	Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TN	Teilnehmer
TORA	Temporally Ordered Routing
TOS	Type of Service
TP	Transport Protocol
TPC	Transmit Power Control
T-SAP	Transport (Layer) SAP
TR-SAP	Transaction (Layer) SAP
TS	Teilnehmersatz
TS	Teilstrecke
TSF	Timing Synchronisation Function
TS-T	Teilstrecke-Teilnehmeranschluss
TSAP	Transport Service Access Point
TTL	Time To Live

UART	Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter
UBR	Unspecified Bit Rate
UCLA	University of California at Los Angeles
UCSB	University of California at Santa Barbara
UDP	User Datagram Protocol
UE	User Equipment
UMTS	Universal Mobile Telephone/Telecommunications System
UNIX	- überhaupt keine Abkürzung! -
URG	Urgent
URI	Uniform Resource Identifier
URL	Uniform Resource Locator
URN	Uniform Resource Name
USIM	Universal SIM, User Services Identity Module
USSD	Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
UTRA	UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN	UTRA Network
UWC	Universal Wireless Communications
UWCC	UWC Consortium

V	Version
VBR	Variable Bit Rate
VC	Virtual Circuit
VDB	Visitor Database
VFIR	Very Fast IR
VHE	Virtual Home Environment
VidMid	middleware for digital video
VLR	Visitor Location Register
VMTP	Versatile Message Transaction Protocol
VPN	Virtual Private Network
VS	Verbindungssatz
Vst	Vermittlungsstelle
vu	Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

W3C	World Wide Web Consortium
WAE	Wireless Application Environment
WAN	Wide Area Network
WAND	Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator, WAN Distribution
WAP	Wireless Application Protocol
WATM	Wireless ATM
W-CDMA	Wireless CDMA, Wideband CDMA
WCMP	Wireless Control Message Protocol
WDMA	Wavelength Division Multiple Access
WDP	Wireless Datagram Protocol
WG	Working Group
WIN	Window Size (Fenstergröße)
WLAN	Wireless Local Area Network
WLL	Wireless Local Loop
WML	Wireless Markup Language
WPAN	Wireless Personal Area Network
WPCDMA	Wideband Packet CDMA
WRP	Wireless Routing Protocol
WSP	Wireless Session Protocol
WSP/B	WSP/Browsing
WTA	Wireless Telephony Application
WTAI	WTA Interface
WTCP	Wireless TCP
WTL	Wireless Transport Layer
WTLS	Wireless Transport Layer Security
WTP	Wireless Transport/Transaction Protocol
WWW	World Wide Web

XLink	eXtended Lokales Informationsnetz Karlsruhe
XHTML	Extensible HyperText Markup Language
XML	Extensible Markup Language

A<B>	Das Zertifikat für B ausgestellt von A
_A[N]	Nachricht N signiert von Instanz A
{N}_K	Nachricht N verschlüsselt mit K
6Bone	IPv6-Backbone

Range of courses

Experience university

Start of studies

Student Life

Before the study

Range of courses

Study organization

Further offers

Information and Advice

In study

Career Start

Start-up Service

Further training

Alumni

After graduation

Common abbreviations

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

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