On the role of arkypallidal and prototypical neurons for phase transitions in the external pallidum. - In: The journal of neuroscience, ISSN 1529-2401, Bd. 41 (2021), 31, S. 6673-6683
The external pallidum (globus pallidus pars externa [GPe]) plays a central role for basal ganglia functions and dynamics and, consequently, has been included in most computational studies of the basal ganglia. These studies considered the GPe as a homogeneous neural population. However, experimental studies have shown that the GPe contains at least two distinct cell types (prototypical and arkypallidal cells). In this work, we provide in silico insight into how pallidal heterogeneity modulates dynamic regimes inside the GPe and how they affect the GPe response to oscillatory input. We derive a mean-field model of the GPe system from a microscopic spiking neural network of recurrently coupled prototypical and arkypallidal neurons. Using bifurcation analysis, we examine the influence of dopamine-dependent changes of intrapallidal connectivity on the GPe dynamics. We find that increased self-inhibition of prototypical cells can induce oscillations, whereas increased inhibition of prototypical cells by arkypallidal cells leads to the emergence of a bistable regime. Furthermore, we show that oscillatory input to the GPe, arriving from striatum, leads to characteristic patterns of cross-frequency coupling observed at the GPe. Based on these findings, we propose two different hypotheses of how dopamine depletion at the GPe may lead to phase-amplitude coupling between the parkinsonian beta rhythm and a GPe-intrinsic y rhythm. Finally, we show that these findings generalize to realistic spiking neural networks of sparsely coupled Type I excitable GPe neurons. - SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work provides (1) insight into the theoretical implications of a dichotomous globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) organization, and (2) an exact mean-field model that allows for future investigations of the relationship between GPe spiking activity and local field potential fluctuations. We identify the major phase transitions that the GPe can undergo when subject to static or periodic input and link these phase transitions to the emergence of synchronized oscillations and cross-frequency coupling in the basal ganglia. Because of the close links between our model and experimental findings on the structure and dynamics of prototypical and arkypallidal cells, our results can be used to guide both experimental and computational studies on the role of the GPe for basal ganglia dynamics in health and disease.
https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0094-21.2021
Automatic segmentation of skin cells in multiphoton data using multi-stage merging. - In: Scientific reports, ISSN 2045-2322, Bd. 11 (2021), 14534, S. 1-19
We propose a novel automatic segmentation algorithm that separates the components of human skin cells from the rest of the tissue in fluorescence data of three-dimensional scans using non-invasive multiphoton tomography. The algorithm encompasses a multi-stage merging on preprocessed superpixel images to ensure independence from a single empirical global threshold. This leads to a high robustness of the segmentation considering the depth-dependent data characteristics, which include variable contrasts and cell sizes. The subsequent classification of cell cytoplasm and nuclei are based on a cell model described by a set of four features. Two novel features, a relationship between outer cell and inner nucleus (OCIN) and a stability index, were derived. The OCIN feature describes the topology of the model, while the stability index indicates segment quality in the multi-stage merging process. These two new features, combined with the local gradient magnitude and compactness, are used for the model-based fuzzy evaluation of the cell segments. We exemplify our approach on an image stack with 200 × 200 × 100 [my]m^3, including the skin layers of the stratum spinosum and the stratum basale of a healthy volunteer. Our image processing pipeline contributes to the fully automated classification of human skin cells in multiphoton data and provides a basis for the detection of skin cancer using non-invasive optical biopsy.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93682-y
Normative data and standard operating procedures for static and dynamic retinal vessel analysis as biomarker for cardiovascular risk. - In: Scientific reports, ISSN 2045-2322, Bd. 11 (2021), 14136, S. 1-12
Retinal vessel phenotype is predictive for cardiovascular outcome. This cross-sectional population-based study aimed to quantify normative data and standard operating procedures for static and dynamic retinal vessel analysis. We analysed central retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and venular (CRVE) diameter equivalents, as well as retinal endothelial function, measured by flicker light‐induced maximal arteriolar (aFID) and venular (vFID) dilatation. Measurements were performed in 277 healthy individuals aged 20 to 82 years of the COmPLETE study. The mean range from the youngest compared to the oldest decade was 196 ± 13 to 166 ± 17 µm for CRAE, 220 ± 15 to 199 ± 16 µm for CRVE, 3.74 ± 2.17 to 3.79 ± 2.43% for aFID and 4.64 ± 1.85 to 3.86 ± 1.56% for vFID. Lower CRAE [estimate (95% CI): - 0.52 (- 0.61 to - 0.43)], CRVE [- 0.33 (- 0.43 to - 0.24)] and vFID [- 0.01 (- 0.26 to - 0.00)], but not aFID, were significantly associated with older age. Interestingly, higher blood pressure was associated with narrower CRAE [- 0.82 (- 1.00 to - 0.63)] but higher aFID [0.05 (0.03 to 0.07)]. Likewise, narrower CRAE were associated with a higher predicted aFID [- 0.02 (- 0.37 to - 0.01)]. We recommend use of defined standardized operating procedures and cardiovascular risk stratification based on normative data to allow for clinical implementation of retinal vessel analysis in a personalized medicine approach.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93617-7
Using the multi-linear rank-(Lr, Lr, 1) decomposition for the detection of the 200 Hz band activity in somatosensory evoked magnetic fields and somatosensory evoked electrical potentials. - In: IEEE access, ISSN 2169-3536, Bd. 9 (2021), S. 106232-106244
Im Titel ist "r" tiefgestellt
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3100759
Methoden der Statistik und Prozessanalyse : eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung. - Berlin : Springer Vieweg, 2021. - 1 Online-Ressource (XXVIII, 481 Seiten). - (Springer eBook Collection) ISBN 978-3-662-61626-0
Einführung in Statistik und Datenvisualisierung -- Theoretische Grundlagen für die statistische Analyse -- Regression -- Versuchsplanung -- System Identification -- Data Mining -- Appendices: A Brief Review of Set Theory and Notation; A Traditional Approach to Ordinary, Linear Least Squares Regression’ A Traditional Approach to Weighted, Linear Least Squares Regression; A Traditional Approach to Factorial Design Analysis; Using Excel for Statistical Analysis; Using MATLAB® for Statistical Analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61626-0
SmartPIV: flow velocity estimates by smartphones for education and field studies. - In: Experiments in fluids, ISSN 1432-1114, Bd. 62 (2021), 8, 172, S. 1-13
In this paper, a smartphone application is presented that was developed to lower the barrier to introduce particle image velocimetry (PIV) in lab courses. The first benefit is that a PIV system using smartphones and a continuous wave (cw-) laser is much cheaper than a conventional system and thus much more affordable for universities. The second benefit is that the design of the menus follows that of modern camera apps, which are intuitively used. Thus, the system is much less complex and costly than typical systems, and our experience showed that students have much less reservations to work with the system and to try different parameters. Last but not least the app can be applied in the field. The relative uncertainty was shown to be less than 8%, which is reasonable for quick velocity estimates. An analysis of the computational time necessary for the data evaluation showed that with the current implementation the app is capable of providing smooth live display vector fields of the flow. This might further increase the use of modern measurement techniques in industry and education.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03262-z
Reactive auto-completion of modeling activities. - In: IEEE transactions on software engineering, ISSN 1939-3520, Bd. 47 (2021), 7, S. 1431-1451
Assisting and automating software engineering tasks is a state-of-the-art way to support stakeholders of development projects. A common assistance function of IDEs is the auto-completion of source code. Assistance functions, such as auto-completion, are almost entirely missing in modeling tools though auto-completion in general gains continuously more importance in software development. We analyze a user’s performed editing operations in order to anticipate modeling activities and to recommend appropriate auto-completions for them. Editing operations are captured as events and modeling activities are defined as complex event patterns, facilitating the matching by complex-event-processing. The approach provides adapted auto-completions reactively upon each editing operation of the user. We implemented the RapMOD prototype as add-in for the modeling tool Sparx Enterprise Architect™ . A controlled user experiment with 37 participants performing modeling tasks demonstrated the approach's potential to reduce modeling effort significantly. Users having auto-completions available for a modeling scenario performed the task 27 percent faster, needed to perform 56 percent less actions, and perceived the task 29 percent less difficult.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2019.2924886
When bears get machine support: applying machine learning models to scalable DataFrames with Grizzly. - In: Datenbanksysteme für Business, Technologie und Web (BTW 2021), (2021), S. 195-214
The popular Python Pandas framework provides an easy-to-use DataFrame API that enables a broad range of users to analyze their data. However, Pandas faces severe scalability issues in terms of runtime and memory consumption, limiting the usability of the framework. In this paper we present Grizzly, a replacement for Python Pandas. Instead of bringing data to the operators like Pandas, Grizzly ships program complexity to database systems by transpiling the DataFrame API to SQL code. Additionally, Grizzly offers user-friendly support for combining different data sources, user-defined functions, and applying Machine Learning models directly inside the database system. Our evaluation shows that Grizzly significantly outperforms Pandas as well as state-of-the-art frameworks for distributed Python processing in several use cases.
Übertragungsverhalten bildgebender Systeme in der Medizin
Unicopy Campus Edition. - Ilmenau : Unicopy Ilmenau, 2021. - 156 Seiten. - (Ilmenauer Editionen) ISBN 978-3-942646-07-9
The effect of experimental and modeling parameters on combined EEG/MEG source analysis and transcranial electric stimulation optimization of somatosensory and epilepsy activity. - Ilmenau : Universitätsbibliothek, 2021. - 1 Online-Ressource (x, 126 Seiten)
Technische Universität Ilmenau, Dissertation 2021
Neue experimentelle und modellierende Parameter werden eingeführt, um die Auswirkungen auf die kombinierte Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) und Magnetenzephalographie (MEG) zu untersuchen - EMEG-Quellenanalyse und Optimierung der transkraniellen elektrischen Stimulation (TES) von somatosensorisch evozierter und epileptischer Aktivität. Es werden simultane Daten gemessen, einschließlich somatosensorisch evozierter Potentiale (SEP) und Felder (SEF), die durch verschiedene Stimulationstypen für gruppenbasierte Sensitivitätsuntersuchungen und spontane EEG- und MEG-Messungen für die präoperative Epilepsiediagnose hervorgerufen werden. Bei der Lösung des Vorwärtsproblems der Quellenanalyse werden individualisierte Finite-Elemente-Kopfvolumenleitermodelle konstruiert. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein quasi-automatisches Bildverarbeitungsverfahren eingeführt, das T1-gewichtete und T2-gewichtete MRTs kombiniert. Zur realistischen Modellierung der leitfähigen Eigenschaften des Gehirns wird die Diffusionstensor-Bildgebung verwendet. Die Leitfähigkeit des Schädels wird aufgrund ihrer hohen Variabilität zwischen den Probanden und ihres Einflusses auf EEG- und EMEG-Quellenrekonstruktionen individuell kalibriert. Es wird auch dargestellt, wie unterschiedliche Stimulationsarten, Kopfmodelle und Messmodalitäten (EEG, MEG oder EMEG) die Quellenrekonstruktion der SEP/SEF-Antwort bei 20 ms nach dem Stimulus (P20/N20) und das Targeting bei der mehrkanaligen TES-Optimierung beeinflussen. Die Inter-Subjekt-Variabilität der Schädel-Leitfähigkeit und -Dicke über das Alter wird nicht-invasiv untersucht. Schließlich wird die EMEG-Quellenanalyse mit realistischen Kopfmodellen, die Schädelgratlöcher beinhalten, für die präoperative Diagnose eines medikamentenresistenten Epilepsiepatienten evaluiert. Die optimierte TES wird als Alternative zur Operation zur Unterdrückung epileptischer Anfälle untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das MEG die P20/N20-Lokalisation stabilisiert und das EEG zur Bestimmung der Quellenorientierung beiträgt. Die Komplementarität beider Modalitäten im EMEG kann auf der Basis von detaillierten und individualisierten Kopfmodellen ausgenutzt werden. Anschließend wird berichtet, dass optimierte TES-Elektrodenmontagen von der P20/N20-Orientierungskomponente beeinflusst werden. Für die Kopfmodellierung wird dargestellt, dass die Variabilität der Leitfähigkeit und der Dicke des Schädels zwischen den Probanden groß ist und bei der Quellenanalyse und TES berücksichtigt werden sollte. In dieser Hinsicht sind das Alter der Probanden und die Schädeldicke signifikant mit der Leitfähigkeit des Schädels verbunden. Bei der präoperativen Epilepsiebeurteilung weist die EMEG-Quellenanalyse mit kalibrierten und anisotropen Kopfmodellen auf eine fokale kortikale Dysplasie (FCD) zu Beginn der epileptischen Spike-Spitze hin. Vereinfachte Kopfmodelle, die Verwendung einer einzelnen Modalität oder Zeitpunkte in der Nähe des Spike-Peaks verursachen nicht zu vernachlässigende Einflüsse auf die Bestimmung der FCD. Schließlich spiegeln Änderungen an der Kopfmodellierung erhebliche Einflüsse auf die optimierte TES und den Fluss der injizierten Gleichströme zur FCD wider.
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2021000093