Conference proceedings (congress papers, conference abstracts)

Results: 633
Created on: Tue, 07 May 2024 23:14:20 +0200 in 3.0389 sec


Ortlepp, Ingo;
High-precision nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines for alternative nanofabrication. - In: Proceedings of SPIE, Bd. 12956 (2024), 129560D, S. 129560D-1-129560D-17

For two decades, the Technische Universität Ilmenau has been developing high precision Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring machines (NPMMs). These have proven their potential for nanometer accurate measurements in large volumes up to 200mm x 200mm x 25mm with 5 axis operation in several fields. As these machines operate according to the highest standards of metrology, offer picometer resolution and nanometer uncertainty, the goal is to transfer their unique precision to fabrication and patterning. So far, the NPMMs have been equipped with laser-based as well as tip-based patterning tools, including one photon and two photon polymerization, nanoimprint, scanning probe lithography and combinations of these technologies. The goal is basic research on these technologies, to tackle the evident challenges and explore the concealed limits to estimate the potential for later use in an industrial scale. In this paper, the specifics and advantages of the NPMMs will be described as well as the micro- and nanofabrication tools that are currently worked on. Focus is on the parameters in measurement mode and the accomplished fabrication results.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3010844
Jahn, Hannes; Fröhlich, Thomas; Zentner, Lena
Analytical description of transversally symmetric hinges with semicircular contours. - In: Advances in mechanism and machine science, (2024), S. 502-509

Compliant mechanisms are becoming increasingly important, especially in force measurement and weighing technology, due to their zero backlash, wear resistance, and zero friction. Their deformation under external forces can be analyzed well with analytical calculations and FEM simulations. Analytically, only mechanisms with symmetrical and longitudinally symmetrical hinges are described. This paper presents a method that allows transversally symmetric hinges to be described analytically. The model must be computed numerically due to the built neutral fiber and the nonlinearities in the used calculation method. The developed method is then compared with FEM calculations in a parameter study and considered to be validated. Finally, outlooks are formulated on how the created method can for instance be used to develop load cells for later calculations. Moreover, it is shown to what extent it is possible to implement this method for general calculations of compliant mechanisms.



https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45709-8_49
Rogge, Norbert; Dannberg, Oliver; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
A novel EMFC tiltmeter with extended measurement range. - In: 24th IMEKO TC3 International Conference on Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque 2022, (2023), S. 252-257

This work presents a new tiltmeter that utilises the principle of electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) in order to increase its measurement range and measurement dynamics compared to an uncompensated pendulum tiltmeter. The development included investigations on the design of the pendulum mechanics, the position sensor and the actuators. With the chosen parameters a resolution of 1 μrad in a measurement range of 20 mrad can be achieved currently on a short-term timescale.



Cherkasova, Valeriya; Fröhlich, Thomas
Capacitive calibration capabilities in an EMFC balance. - In: 24th IMEKO TC3 International Conference on Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque 2022, (2023), S. 236-241

The article describes the possibilities of calibrating the force constant in an electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) load cell using the electrostatic force compensation principle. The static and dynamic principles of calibration of the Kibble balance for the electrostatic force constant, as well as calibration by means of compensation of the electrostatic force by the electromagnetic force, are considered. The combination of the two compensation principles in the load cell allows the measurement of forces in the range of 20 pN to 2.2 mN and ensures traceability to national standards. The relative uncertainty in the measurement of forces of about 100 nN is estimated to be about 0.001.



Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas
Centre of gravity measuring device. - In: 24th IMEKO TC3 International Conference on Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque 2022, (2023), S. 138-143

This paper describes a new method to measure the height of the centre of gravity of high-sensitive mass artefacts. A measuring device is presented and tested with mass samples of various shapes and densities. The results of the measurements are compared to the geometrical estimated heights of the centre of gravity and further developments of the new instrument are presented.



Darnieder, Maximilian; Wittke, Martin; Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas; Theska, René
Monolithic compliant mechanism for an EMFC mass comparator weighing cell. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2023), 1.4.112, S. 1-14

Mass comparator weighing cells based on electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) find application in the most demanding force and mass measurement applications. The centerpiece of these devices is a highly sensitive compliant mechanism with thin flexure hinges. The compliant mechanism forms the mechanical part of the mechatronic overall system. A novel mechanism based on an advanced adjustment concept has been developed, manufactured, and experimentally investigated. The adjustment is designed to further reduce the measurement uncertainty for mass comparisons by canceling out first-order error components. The focus is on the mechanical properties: stiffness, tilt sensitivity, and off-center load sensitivity. The elastic stiffness of the compliant mechanism is compensated by introducing a negative gravitational stiffness to enable the compensation of manufacturing deviations and to increase mass resolution.



https://doi.org/10.22032/dbt.58738
Marin, Sebastian; Augustin, Silke; Hein, Georg; Fröhlich, Thomas
Uncertainty of temperature measurement on road samples :
Unsicherheit der Temperaturmessung an Fahrbahnproben. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen – Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2023, (2023), S. 221-236

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181024287-221
Beerel, Joseph; Bartz, Frederik; Fröhlich, Thomas
Messunsicherheit einer Kalibriereinrichtung für Wärmestromsensoren - Unsicherheit der Temperaturdifferenz. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen – Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2023, (2023), S. 147-160

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181024287-147
Bartz, Frederik; Beerel, Joseph; Fröhlich, Thomas; Gehrmann, Stephan
Kalibrierung eines Wärmestromsensors - Prozess, Einflüsse und die Unsicherheit. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen – Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2023, (2023), S. 131-146

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181024287-131
Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Marin, Sebastian; Balzer, Felix; Hölzel, Sara
Unsicherheit bei der Bestimmung der Oberflächentemperatur bei Messungen mit Koordinatenmessgeräten. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen – Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2023, (2023), S. 95-108

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181024287-95
Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas; Hilbrunner, Falko
Planck-Erweiterung für hochgenaue Vakuum-Massekomparatoren : ein Konzeptnachweis. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen – Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2023, (2023), S. 17-28

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine technische Umsetzung zur Bestimmung der Masse nach der neuen Definition des Internationalen Einheitensystems (SI) von 2019 beschrieben. Als Grundlage dient ein handelsüblicher Hochvakuum Prototyp Massekomparator der Firma Sartorius. Mit Massekomparatoren wurden Kilogramm Prototypen, wie das Urkilogram (ℜ), mit anderen Kilogramm Massenormalen direkt verglichen, um eine Kalibrierkette zu realisieren. Nach der Neudefinition des SI im Jahr 2019 ist das Kilogramm über die Planck-Konstante (h) definiert. Die hier vorgestellte Planck-Erweiterung soll es ermöglichen, durch technische Modifikationen und einigen Zusatzkomponenten, Hochvakuum-Massekomparatoren so umzubauen, dass sie Kilogramm Prototypen und Massenormale nach der neuen Definition kalibrieren können. Zusätzlich soll dadurch eine durchgehende Kalibrierung von Massenormalen im Bereich von 1 mg bis 1 kg nach dem E1-Standard der OIML R 111-1 (2004) ermöglicht werden. Gleichzeitig bleiben alle Funktionen der Massekomparatoren erhalten, wodurch es möglich ist Messungen nach der alten und der neuen Massendefinition miteinander zu vergleichen. Im Verlauf dieser Ausarbeitung wird das Funktionsprinzip der Planck-Erweiterung beschrieben. Weiterhin werden Messergebnisse aus ersten Testmessungen mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von 0,65 ppm gezeigt, analysiert und bewertet. Anhand der Erfahrungen mit der ersten Prototyp-Planck-Erweiterung werden Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten und zukünftige Arbeiten vorgeschlagen.



https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181024287-17
Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas; Hilbrunner, Falko
Planck extension for high-precision vacuum mass comparators. - Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, Universitätsbibliothek, ilmedia. - 1 Online-Ressource (Seite 1-10)Final author's version of the article submitted to the following conference: Understanding climate change through metrology : proceedings of the 2023 NCSL International Workshop & Symposium, July 8-12, 2023, Orlando, Florida. - Lafayette, Colorado : NCSL International, 2023

This paper describes a technical implementation for the realization of the kilogram according to the new definition of the International System of Units (SI) of 2019. A commercially available high-vacuum prototype mass comparator from Sartorius serves as the basis. Mass comparators were used to directly compare kilogram prototypes, such as the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK or ℜ), with other kilogram prototypes to realize a calibration chain. Since the redefinition of the SI in 2019, the kilogram is defined by Planck's constant (ℎ). The Planck extension presented here is intended to make it possible, through technical modifications and some additional components, to convert high-vacuum mass comparators so that they can calibrate kilogram prototypes and mass standards according to the new definition. In addition, this should allow the continuous calibration of mass standards up to 1 kg in accordance with the E1 standard of OIML R 111-1 (2004). At the same time, all functions of the mass comparators are retained, which makes it possible to compare measurements according to the old and the new mass definition. During this elaboration, the functional principle of the Planck extension is described. Furthermore, measurement results from initial test measurements of 100 g with a relative standard deviation of 0.68 ppm are presented, analyzed, and evaluated. Based on the experience with the first prototype Planck extension, possible improvements and future work are proposed.



https://doi.org/10.22032/dbt.59125
Shmagun, Vitalii; Gerhardt, Uwe; Manske, Eberhard; Fröhlich, Thomas; Kissinger, Thomas
Resolution enhancement in Fabry-Perot interferometers through evaluation of multiple reflection using range-resolved interferometry. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2023), 1.1.104, S. 1-8

This work presents a novel approach for improving interferometer resolution with a relatively simple setup by combining the use of range-resolved interferometry and a high-finesse Fabry-Perot setup utilizing multiple reflections in the cavity to gradually increase the resolution. This approach could enable the measurement of small displacements with a potentially much higher resolution than current interferometry methods. A simple proof-of concept setup demonstrated the evaluation of up to four Fabry-Perot passes, while theoretically much higher sensitivity improvement factors should be possible.



https://doi.org/10.22032/dbt.58695
Fischer Calderón, Sebastian J.; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Schober, Christian; Pruss, Christof; Ortlepp, Ingo; Straube, Guido; Manske, Eberhard
Absolute determination of a large mirror surface from spatial gradients using a coordinate measuring machine. - In: Applied Optical Metrology V, (2023), 1267205, S. 1267205-1-1267205-7

This investigation proposes a method for absolute surface determination in a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) with a planar extension of 200 x 200 mm² which is based on the measurement of two spatial gradient fields. The gradient field data was obtained by measuring a test mirror in two equidistant shifted positions along two orthogonal axes while the reference mirror stayed in a steady position. The comparison of experimental data measured in an area of 192 × 192 mm² showed a small root-mean-square deviation of 5.3 nm between the reconstruction result and a regular measurement result. For an a priori estimation of the influence of experimental error sources on the reconstruction deviation, simulations of the measurement process were carried out. Alongside determining the optimal measurement strategy, the focus was investigating positional and orientational deviations of the test surface caused by the shifting motions. While the translational deviations have a subordinate effect, the simulated results show that small orientation deviations around the motion axes cause high reconstruction deviations. To eliminate the motion-induced share of the gradient fields orientation a separation from the topography intrinsic share, which has to remain part of the data, is necessary. This is achieved by the combination of the high-precision design of the mechanical shifting stage and the implementation of an additional boundary condition in the data processing using a least square algorithm.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2675734
Häcker, Annika-Verena; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Manske, Eberhard
Investigation on the lithographic process of a high-precision direct laser writing system. - In: Nanoengineering: Fabrication, Properties, Optics, Thin Films, and Devices XX, (2023), 126530A, S. 126530A-1-126530A-7

The semiconductor industry is an unbelievable fast-growing field with an exponential growth in the space optimization. But also, other large industrial field are getting smaller in the structure size, for example the field of optics. On the other hand, the customer demands get more and more complex and individual. This leads to an enormous growth potential for micro- and nanofabrication with direct laser writing. Under this circumstance the idea for a micro- and nanostructuring possibility with high precision on large areas was born. A setup was developed to combine a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NMM-1) with an extremely high precision and a two-photon based illumination system to realize a high-precision direct laser writing system. Besides its high positioning resolution of 0.1 nm and its metrological traceability based on an interferometrical measurement setup, the NMM-1 offers a positioning range of 25 mm x 25 mm x 5 mm. The aim is to design a direct laser writing setup, which enables a trans-scale fabrication without any stitching or combination of different positioning systems necessary. In order to benefit from this high positional accuracy, studies have been made to investigated the two photon absoption process and reduce line widths. The presented research shows investigations, which were made with the developed laser writing setup, to invested illumination dose and the voxel position of the writing laser, in order to improve microstructuring and to reduce structure widths.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677297
Belkner, Johannes; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Görner Tenorio, Christian; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard
Double-pass modulated differential confocal microscopy for closed-loop axial control of direct laser writing. - In: Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection XIII, (2023), 126180R, S. 126180R-1-126180R-11

Direct laser writing is a popular method for mask-less lithography that already achieved commercial grade. However, it is still challenging to realize homogeneously exposed structures on 3D-shaped substrates. A common source of the variation in exposure is a changing distance of the substrate surface with the photoresist towards the plane of the narrowest waist of the exposure beam. To tackle this issue, we propose a differential confocal probe that employs a spatially modulated pinhole. This phase-modulated lock-in principle enables highly resolved depth sensing without ambiguity about the direction of the deviation from the focal plane. However, the modulation contrast must be high enough to achieve this, which is why the measuring beam passes the pinhole twice. This probe is integrated into the nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine via a position-based controller. We demonstrate the capability to follow 10◦ inclined substrates.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2673874
Su, Mingshuai; Ortlepp, Ingo; Gerhardt, Uwe; Dontsov, Denis; Manske, Eberhard
Development of microinterferometers based with fiber coupling :
Entwicklung von Mikrointerferometern mit Faserkopplung. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 90 (2023), S. S108-S113

Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von konventionellen Interferometersystemen sind oft aufgrund ihrer Baugröße eingeschränkt. Weiterhin stellen sie noch immer preisintensive, manuell gefertigte Präzisionsbaugruppen dar. Ihr Einsatz ist daher ökonomisch nur für Nischenanwendungen in der Hochtechnologie gerechtfertigt. Aus diesem Grund wird ein neues kompaktes Mikrointerferometer entwickelt, welches auf dem Michelson-Prinzip basiert. Die gesamte Baugröße dieses Mikrointerferometer beträgt 40 mm x 20 mm x 15 mm. Als Strahlteiler wird eine Strahlteilerplatte verwendet, der nicht auf beiden Seiten parallel ist, sondern einen Keilwinkel hat. Dadurch wird der Interferenzwinkel erzeugt. Außerdem sind beide Seiten mit Polarisationsbeschichtung und Entspiegelungsbeschichtung versehen. Zukünftig können die Beschichtungen auf eine große Platte vorbereitet werden und dann ist eine Massenfertigung für die Strahlteilerplatten möglich, sodass die Herstellungskosten dieser Strahlteilerplatten reduziert werden.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2023-0073
Elahi, Hamed; Manske, Eberhard; Gerhardt, Uwe
Development of a nephrological optical measuring method for determining particle concentrations in gases and liquids behind light-scattering plastic walls :
Entwicklung eines nephrologisch optischen Messverfahrens zur Bestimmung von Partikelkonzentrationen in Gasen und Flüssigkeiten hinter lichtstreuenden Kunststoffwandungen. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 90 (2023), S. S37-S42

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines optischen Messverfahrens mit dessen Hilfe kleine Objekte, die sich hinter lichtstreuenden Schichten befinden, als scharfe Abbildung reproduziert werden können. Ein praktisches Anwendungsbeispiel ist die zahlenmäßige Erfassung von Leukozyten, die sich im Dialysat innerhalb von Kunststoffschläuchen befinden. Der wesentliche Teil der Arbeit war Entwicklung und Test eines maschinellen Lernalgorithmus, mit dem Ziel die Bilder ohne Anwendung aufwändiger optischer Maßnahmen zu rekonstruieren. Die Ergebnisse der angewandten künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) zeigten die Robustheit des Ansatzes bei der Erkennung verschiedener Objekte mit hoher Geschwindigkeit. Als Endergebnis wurde die Nutzbarkeit der eingebetteten KI mit hoher Genauigkeit bestätigt. Der KI-Rekonstruktionsalgorithmus dieser Studie unterscheidet sich in vielen Punkten von früheren Forschungen.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2023-0070
Müller, Ingmar; Gutschwager, Berndt; Adibekyan, Albert; Kononogova, Elena; Hemeling, Christoph F.; Monte, Christian
Improved calibration capabilities for infrared radiation thermometers and thermal imagers in the range from -60 ˚C to 960 ˚C at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. - In: SMSI 2023 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International, (2023), S. 398-399

At the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), the national metrology institute of Germany, the calibration facility for thermal imager, infrared calibrators, and radiation thermometers has been up-dated to improve the calibration service. An additional cesium-heatpipe blackbody was installed to close the temperature gap from 270 ˚C to 500 ˚C and a new sodium-heatpipe blackbody was taken into operation. In addition, the precision of the positioning of the devices under test was improved and the new blackbodies were characterized and tested. The calibration facility now marks the state-of-the-art in terms of achievable uncertainties and automatization.



https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/P61
Shmagun, Vitalii; Kissinger, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas
Fiber-interferometric sensor for velocity measurement in the Planck-Balance. - In: SMSI 2023 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International, (2023), S. 127-128

This work describes the use of a compact fiber-interferometric sensor for velocity measurements for the Kibble balance method. Our fiber-interferometric sensor was compared within a Planck-balance setup with a commercial reference interferometer. Results show that the fiber-interferometric sensor is capable of high accuracy velocity measurement comparable with the reference interferometer. High performance and compactness of the sensor head allow it to be integrated into small-size systems, where the use of the conventional interferometer systems is limited or not possible.



https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/B6.2
Konrad, Johannes; Rothleitner, Christian; Kloß, Jonas; Fröhlich, Thomas
A vertically positionable permanent magnet system for the Planck-Balance. - In: SMSI 2023 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International, (2023), S. 131-132

The Planck-Balance is a compact version of a Kibble balance, allowing a direct measurement of mass by means of electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC). This means that the effects of deformation have to be considered. The vertical position adjustment of the coil, which is discussed in this article, can reduce many errors, such as errors due to deformations during weighing, which lead to a non-proportional correlation between the current in the compensation coil and the compensated mass. In our setup, these errors can be up to about 8 ppm in the maximum case. In addition, there are other problems such as higher order harmonics in the velocity mode, which can be reduced.



https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/B6.4
Heizmann, Michael; Koch, Wolfgang; Schiering, Nadine; Sommer, Klaus-Dieter
Modelling in measurement - from classical analytical approaches to cognitive data-driven solutions. - In: SMSI 2023 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International, (2023), S. 209-210

Models are an inseparable part of Metrology. They make it possible to derive measurement results, including measurement uncertainties, from measurement data or output signals and knowledge about the measurement process. Models establish a functional relationship between the measurand and all relevant quantities on which the measurand depends. Models do not necessarily have to be derived from analytical-functional relationships; they are increasingly data-driven with cognitive capabilities. In general, they are used to design measurement systems, analyze measurement data, make inferences and predictions, and form the basis for evaluating measurement uncertainties.



https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/D2.3
Ortlepp, Ingo;
Current advances in 3D tip- and laser-based nanofabrication in extended working areas. - In: SMSI 2023 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International, (2023), S. 245-246

Nanotechnology is affecting almost all areas of life, from semiconductor industry to optics, medicine and agriculture. Classical methods for sensing, measuring and fabricating on the nanoscale are faced with new challenges: features are getting smaller and the variety of structures and materials is increasing. Thus, many new techniques are developed in this field. Research at the Technische Universität Ilmenau aims to support transferring these new technologies to industrial scale for future application. The focus is on tip- and laser-based processes together with devices for nanometer positioning.



https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/D6.4
Rogge, Norbert; Fröhlich, Thomas
Actuator design considerations for the Planck-Balance. - In: SMSI 2023 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International, (2023), S. 129-130

The paper presents crucial design considerations for the actuators in a table-top Kibble balance, especially its influence on the uncertainty contribution by the voltage measurements. The resulting contribution is exemplary shown for the PB2 version of the Planck-Balance and constraints are discussed that limit the possibilities to optimize the geometric factor of the measurement actuator.



https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/B6.3
Oertel, Erik; Manske, Eberhard
Characterization of micro spheres through AFM surface scans. - In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2023), S. 385-388

Konrad, Johannes; Rothleitner, Christian; Kloß, Jonas; Fröhlich, Thomas
Measurement errors in the Planck-Balance caused by alternating forces. - In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2023), S. 343-346

Hebenstreit, Roman; Oertel, Erik; Thier, Daniel; Manske, Eberhard; Theska, René
Investigating the kinematic performance of a positioning device with subatomic resolution. - In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2023), S. 51-54

Mathew, Sobin; Abedin, Saadman; Kurtash, Vladislav; Lebedev, Sergei P.; Lebedev, Alexander A.; Hähnlein, Bernd; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Jacobs, Heiko O.; Pezoldt, Jörg
Evaluation of hysteresis response in achiral edges of graphene nanoribbons on semi-insulating SiC. - In: Materials science forum, ISSN 1662-9752, Bd. 1089 (2023), S. 15-22

Hysteresis response of epitaxially grown graphene nanoribbons devices on semi-insulating 4H-SiC in the armchair and zigzag directions is evaluated and studied. The influence of the orientation of fabrication and dimensions of graphene nanoribbons on the hysteresis effect reveals the metallic and semiconducting nature graphene nanoribbons. The hysteresis response of armchair based graphene nanoribbon side gate and top gated devices implies the influence of gate field electric strength and the contribution of surface traps, adsorbents, and initial defects on graphene as the primary sources of hysteresis. Additionally, passivation with AlOx and top gate modulation decreased the hysteresis and improved the current-voltage characteristics.



https://doi.org/10.4028/p-i2s1cm
Vasilyan, Suren; Rogge, Norbert; Fröhlich, Thomas
SI traceable small force generation and measurements via photon momentum. - In: SMSI 2023 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International, (2023), S. 133-134

In this contribution we present the concept of photon momentum enabled SI-traceably made small force generation and measurements below the conventionally accepted limits. The developed instrumentations, the measurement infrastructure and the obtained results demonstrate the advantages of this concept and further are extended to present the means of systematization of the force measurements covering the range below 10 μN to several tens of nN. The prospects to reduce the relative measurement uncertainties of small force and small weight measurements are discussed.



https://dx.doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/B7.1
Manske, Eberhard; Blumröder, Ulrike; Köchert, Paul; Fröhlich, Thomas; Kissinger, Thomas; Ortlepp, Ingo; Gerhardt, Uwe; Mastylo, Rostyslav
Permanent tracebility of a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: 2023 ASPE Winter Topical Meeting: Precision Optical Metrology Workshop, (2023), S. 82-86

Due to the frequency stabilization of He-Ne-lasers directly to a frequency comb controlled by a GPS atomic clock disciplined oscillator and their direct coupling with a Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine, directly traceable measurements are demonstrated.



Jahn, Hannes; Henning, Stefan; Fröhlich, Thomas; Zentner, Lena
Analytical description of transversally symmetrical hinges :
Analytische Beschreibung transversalsymmetrischer Gelenke. - In: Neunte IFToMM D-A-CH Konferenz 2023, (2023), insges. 2 S.

https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/77402
Tobehn-Steinhäuser, Ingo; Barthelmann, Lukas; Herbst, Steffen; Xu, Xuemei; Krapf, Gunter; Ortlepp, Thomas
Redundante Temperatursensorik für Hochtemperaturanwendungen. - [Wunstorf] : AMA Service GmbH. - 1 Online-Ressource (Seite 204/1-204/6)Online-Ausgabe: 16. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2022. - [Wunstorf] : AMA Service GmbH, 2022. - ISBN 978-3-9819376-7-1

https://doi.org/10.5162/16dss2022/P40
Schalles, Marc; Beerel, Joseph; Augustin, Silke
Untersuchung von Thermometern mittels eines neuartigen Prüfstands zur Bestimmung dynamischer Kennwerte. - [Wunstorf] : AMA Service GmbH. - 1 Online-Ressource (Seite 95-98)Online-Ausgabe: 16. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2022. - [Wunstorf] : AMA Service GmbH, 2022. - ISBN 978-3-9819376-7-1

Thermometer zur Überwachung, Steuerung oder Regelung der Prozesstemperatur werden in der Verfahrenstechnik in verschiedensten Medien wie strömenden Gasen, verschiedenen Ölen, Wasser bis hin zu Heißdampf und auch in verschiedenen Temperaturbereichen eingesetzt. In Abhängigkeit von den Mediumsbedingungen verändern sich die Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten beim Wärmeaustausch zwischen Medium und Thermometer. Als Folge dessen sind sowohl die statisch-thermischen Messabweichungen als auch die dynamischen Kennwerte dieser Thermometer neben ihrem Aufbau auch von den Mediumsbedingungen abhängig. Um schnell auf Änderungen der Mediumstemperatur reagieren zu können, ist es wichtig, die dynamischen Eigenschaften von Thermometern im Vorfeld des Einsatzes abzuschätzen. Das kann durch numerische Berechnungen erfolgen, die jedoch zum Teil sehr aufwändig oder auch zu ungenau sein können, wenn Mediumseigenschaften, Strömungsbedingungen oder geometrische Details der Messstelle nicht genau bekannt sind. Deshalb ist es meist genauer, die dynamischen Eigenschaften experimentell unter bekannten Bedingungen zu bestimmen. Thermometer können sich in ihren Ausführungen sehr stark unterscheiden. Thermometer für Messungen in Gasen haben häufig freiliegende Sensoren, die mit einem Schaft fixiert sind. Für Messungen in Flüssigkeiten oder Schüttgütern werden geschlossene Bauformen mit innenliegenden Sensoren verwendet., die bei hohen mechanischen oder chemischen Belastungen zusätzlich in Schutzrohren eingebettet sein können.



https://doi.org/10.5162/16dss2022/P06
Beerel, Joseph; Marin, Sebastian; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Bartz, Frederik; Gehrmann, Stephan
Kalibriereinrichtung für Wärmestromsensoren. - [Wunstorf] : AMA Service GmbH. - 1 Online-Ressource (Seite 65-70)Online-Ausgabe: 16. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2022. - [Wunstorf] : AMA Service GmbH, 2022. - ISBN 978-3-9819376-7-1

Die immer stärker an Bedeutung gewinnende Elektromobilität erfordert eine intensive Forschung im Bereich der Batterietechnik [1]. Eine wichtige Aufgabe ist es, die Temperatur der Batteriezellen im Kraftfahrzeug zu überwachen. Die Batterie hat nur ein kleines thermisches Arbeitsfenster, deshalb ist es von Bedeutung die Temperatur schnell zu erfassen, um mit einer Temperaturregelung Einfluss zu nehmen [2]. Eine Möglichkeit der Temperaturüberwachung in Batteriezellen besteht darin, einen Wärmestromsensor zwischen Batterie und zugehörigem Kühlsystem einzubetten [1].



https://doi.org/10.5162/16dss2022/7.2
Häcker, Annika-Verena; Manske, Eberhard
Weitere Entwicklungen zum 2 Photonen direkten Laserschreiben zur großflächigen Nanostrukturierung. - In: DGaO-Proceedings, ISSN 1614-8436, Bd. 123 (2022), B33, insges. 2 S.

Zwei-Photonen-Absorptionsverfahren (2PA) bieten die Möglichkeit, extrem feine Strukturen auf lichtempfindlichen Materialien zu erzeugen. Für das direkte Laserschreiben zur Mikro- oder Nanofabrikation werden Lasersysteme mit hochpräzisen Positioniersystemen kombiniert. Diese sind meist auf einen Positionierbereich von einigen hundert Mikrometern begrenzt bei Anwendungen basierend auf piezoelektrischen Tischen oder sogar nur relativ wenige zehn Mikrometer bei Anwendungen, die auf Galvanometerscannern basieren. Diese Techniken sind zwar präzise, aber für größere Fertigungsbereiche sind Stitching-Methoden erforderlich. Daher wurde ein Aufbau aus einem Femtosekundenlaser für 2PA und einem Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschine (NMM-1) für das hochpräzise Laserschreiben auf größeren Oberflächen entwickelt. Die NMM-1 wurde an der TU Ilmenau zusammen mit der SIOS Meßtechnik GmbH entwickelt, mit einem mit einem Positioniervolumen von 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm und einer Positionierauflösung im Sub-Nanometerbereich. Weiterentwicklungen des Systems sollen deutliche Verbesserungen beim hochpräzisen und stitchingfreien Laserdirektschreiben zur großflächigen Nanostrukturierung ermöglichen.



https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0287-2022-B033-6
Belkner, Johannes; Leineweber, Johannes; Häcker, Annika-Verena; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard
Integration eines ultravioletten Direktschreiblasers und dessen roten differentiell-konfokalen Messsystems :
Integration of an ultraviolet direct write laser and its red differential confocal probe. - In: DGaO-Proceedings, ISSN 1614-8436, Bd. 123 (2022), B29, insges. 2 S.

Mittels der Bewegung eines fokussierten ultravioletten Lasersstrahls über einen Photolack kann sehr flexible und hochauflösende Lithographie realisiert werden. Um dabei auch Strukturen im sub-100-nm-Bereich zu erreichen, muss der Laserfokus sehr stabil auf der Substratoberfläche gehalten werden. Ein differentielles Konfokalmikroskop soll das während des Belichtungsvorganges mittels einer vertikalen Nanopositionierachse und dessen Regler sicherstellen. Damit das Messsystem nicht ebenfalls den Photolack belichtet, muss die Messwellenlänge in einem für den Lack unsensitiven Bereich liegen. Daraus ergibt sich ein Problem: die Brennebenen von Schreib- und Messsystem fallen durch die axiale chromatische Aberration nicht exakt zusammen. Weiter besteht meist die Herausforderung, möglichst nicht das gemeinsame Mikroskopobjektiv mit hoher numerischer Apertur zu verändern. Als komplexes Kaufteil ist dieses in vielen Anwendungen meist vorgegeben. Unsere Lösung besteht daher aus einer Kombination aus der Generierung eines Besselstrahls und einer justierbaren Tubuslinse. Die angewandte Lösung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass die laterale Auflösung beider Systeme nur geringfügig reduziert wird.



https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0287-2022-B029-7
Straube, Guido; Fischer Calderón, Juan Sebastian; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard
Heterodynes Interferometer mit vier Strahlen für hochpräzise Längen- und Winkelmessung in Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. - In: DGaO-Proceedings, ISSN 1614-8436, Bd. 123 (2022), A10, insges. 2 S.

Aufgrund aktueller Entwicklung in der Halbleitertechnologie steigen die Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Dynamik der Positionierung und des Messvolumens von Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Lösung dieses Problems stellen Maschinen auf Basis eines im Vergleich zum herkömmlichen moving-stage-Prinzip invertierten Konzepts dar, welches jedoch weitere Herausforderungen mit sich bringt. Für die hochpräzise Positionierung des Sensorkopfes im Messraum werden drei kompakte Vierstrahlinterferometer benötigt, um alle notwendigen Translationen und Rotationen des Messkopfs sowie die Topographie des Referenzsystems bestehend aus drei großflächigen Spiegeln zu rekonstruieren. Es wird ein Heterodyn-Laserinterferometer mit konsequent getrennten Strahlengängen für die einzelnen heterodynen Frequenzen vorgestellt. Neben einem Überblick über das Design des Strahlengangs und der Funktionsweise des Interferometers werden die auf einem System-On-a-Chip mit integriertem FPGA, CPU und A/D-Wandlern implementierten Signalverarbeitungs- und Auswertealgorithmen sowie mit dem System aufgenommene Messdaten präsentiert.



https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0287-2022-A010-0
Wedrich, Karin; Ohl, Friedemann; Fröhlich, Thomas; Strehle, Steffen
Evaluation von MEMS-Führungskonzepten mit hohem Steifigkeitsverhältnis von Querrichtung und Hauptfunktionsrichtung. - In: Mikrosystemtechnik, (2022), S. 49-52

Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas
Neuartige Methode zur Bestimmung der Schwerpunkhöhe von Massenormalen :
Novel method for determining the center of gravity height of mass standards. - In: Sensors and Measuring Systems, (2022), S. 204-207

The most precise vacuum mass comparators have a resolution of 0.1 μg, operating at one kilogram [1]. The resolution represents a relative difference in weight of the artifacts of 1×10^(-10). Small deviations in the height of the center of gravity of the mass artifacts lead to a systematic error of the measurement results. For example a difference in the height of the center of gravity of 1 cm in Earth's gravitational field causes a relative systematic uncertainty contribution of 3.2×10^(-9). Therefore, it is important to know the artifacts' heights of the center of gravity. This paper introduces a novel approach to measure the height of the center of gravity of high-sensitive mass artifacts. The method allows to compare the mass of artifacts of unusual shape, inhomogeneous composition or hollow mass standards with uncertain internal geometry. For the determination, the mass artifacts are placed on three load cells, arranged at an angle of 120˚. The load cells are attached to the base, which stands on a high-precision tilt table [2]. The difference in force with variation of the inclination angles allows to calculate the height of the center of gravity of the artifacts. To verify the method, various mass standards of known geometry and composition are measured as described. In the end, the comparison between theoretically determined values and the measurement results shows a good agreement of the method.



https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9861899
Kurtash, Vladislav; Mathew, Sobin; Thiele, Sebastian; Scheler, Theresa; Reiprich, Johannes; Hähnlein, Bernd; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Manske, Eberhard; Narasimha, Shilpashree; Abedin, Saadman; Jacobs, Heiko O.; Pezoldt, Jörg
Hysteresis associated with intrinsic-oxide traps in gate-tunable tetrahedral CVD-MoS2 memristor. - In: IEEE 22nd International Conference on Nanotechnology (NANO), (2022), S. 527-530

We introduce back gated memristor based on CVD-grown 30-40 nm thick MoS2 channel. The device demonstrates bipolar behaviour and the measurements are consistent with the simulations performed within the intrinsic-oxide traps model. This confirms the theory that the source of hysteresis in thin-film MoS2 memristors is charge trapping on MoS2/SiO2 interface and the grain boundaries. The impact of back gate voltage bias, voltage sweep range and channel area on memristive effect was studied and quantified using hysteresis area. Hysteresis in bipolar memristors can be tuned by back gate voltage, which makes these devices promising for neuromorphic computing.



https://doi.org/10.1109/NANO54668.2022.9928717
Tobehn-Steinhäuser, Ingo; Herbst, Steffen; Xu, Xuemei; Ortlepp, Thomas; Barthelmann, Lukas; Krapf, Gunter
Redundante Temperatursensorik für das Batterien-Monitoring. - In: EASS, (2022), S. 42-46

Der Einsatz redundanter Temperaturmesssysteme erlaubt es, die Betriebssicherheit von Sensorsystemen deutlich zu erhöhen. Solche Systeme bestehen aus mindestens zwei Sensoren gleicher oder unterschiedlicher Technologie bzw. Kennlinie. Der erste Fall wird als homogene, der letzte als diversitäre Redundanz bezeichnet. Insbesondere der Ausfall eines einzelnen Sensors kann auf diese Weise zuverlässig detektiert werden. Darüber hinaus kann bei Berücksichtigung einer eingeschränkten Zuverlässigkeit auch weiterhin ein Messwert ermittelt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund besteht u. a. im Bereich der Automobilindustrie zunehmend Bedarf an selbstvalidierender Sensorik dieser Art.



Blumröder, Ulrike; Köchert, Paul; Flügge, Jens; Füßl, Roland; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard
Frequenzkamm-gekoppelte Metrologielaser für die interferometrische Längenmessung in Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen :
Comb-referenced metrology laser for interferometric length measurements in nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 89 (2022), 10, S. 687-703

In this article a new approach for the direct traceability of interferometric length measurements in nanopositioning- and measuring machines is presented. The concept is based on an optical frequency comb tied to a GPS disciplined oscillator. The frequency comb serves as a highly stable reference laser with traceable optical frequencies. By directly stabilizing the metrology lasers of a nanopositioning and -measuring machine to a single comb line a permanent link of the laser frequency to an atomic clock is created allowing direct traceability to the SI meter definition. The experimental conditions to provide traceability will be discussed. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the long-term frequency stability of an individual comb line can be transferred onto the metrology lasers enhancing their stability by three orders of magnitude.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2022-0013
Häcker, Annika-Verena; Manske, Eberhard
Extensions for the design of a two photon based direct laser writer for large-area, high precision nanostructuring :
Erweiterungen zum Aufbau eines zwei Photonen basierten direkten Laserschreibers zur großflächigen, hochpäzisen Nanostrukturierung. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 89 (2022), S. S55-S60

Zur Realisierung extrem feiner Strukturen spielen direkte Laserschreibprozesse, basierend auf Zwei-Photonen-Absorptionsverfahren (2PA), eine zentrale Rolle in der Mikro- und Nanofabrikation. Dafür ist neben einem Lasersystem ein hochpräzises Positioniersystem notwendig. Meist basieren diese Positioniersysteme auf Prinzipien, die ohne zusätzliche Stiching-Verfahren nur kleine Positionierbereiche ermöglichen. Für piezoelektrische Tische sind zum Beispiel nur einige hundert Mikrometer möglich. Auf Galvanometer-Scannern basierten Systemen können sogar nur Positionierbereiche von wenigen zehn Mikrometern realisiert werden. Um ohne zusätzliche Stiching Verfahren größere Fertigungsbereiche mit hoher Präzision für Mikro- und Nanostrukturierung zu ermöglichen, wurde ein Aufbau aus einem Femtosekundenlaser für 2PA und einer Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschine (NMM-1) entwickelt [3]. Die NMM-1 wurde an der TU Ilmenau zusammen mit der SIOS Meßtechnik GmbH entwickelt, mit einem Positioniervolumen von 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm und einer Positionierauflösung im Sub-Nanometerbereich. Dieser Aufbau wurde in den letzten Jahren weiter entwickelt und Strukturbreiten konnten reduziert werden [2]. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Entwicklung einer funktionalen Einheit aus Femtosekundenlaser und NMM-1. Dies soll die Komplexität erhöhen und die Homogenität der geschriebenen Strukturen stark verbessern.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2022-0058
Oertel, Erik; Manske, Eberhard
A bottom-up approach for the radius and roundness measurement of micro spheres :
Ein Bottom-up Ansatz für die Radius- und Rundheitsmessung von Mikrokugeln. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 89 (2022), S. S101-S106

Die mangelnde Verfügbarkeit von präzise charakterisierten Kugeln im Submillimeterbereich schränkt derzeit die Leistungsfähigkeit von Mikro- und Nano-Koordinatenmessgeräten ein. Aus diesem Grund werden am Institut für Prozessmess- und Sensortechnik der TU Ilmenau neue Ansätze zur Messung solcher Kugeln untersucht und daraus entsprechende Messverfahren entwickelt. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz basiert dabei auf einer Reihe von Oberflächenscans im Zusammenhang mit einem Stitching-Algorithmus. Als Oberflächensensor kommt zur Zeit ein Atomkraftmikroskop (AFM) im Kontaktmodus zum Einsatz. Eine rückführbare Messung erfordert eine präzise Charakterisierung der AFM-Spitzenform und deren Unsicherheit, um diesen Einfluss zu korrigieren und die Unsicherheit fortzupflanzen sowie möglichen Verschleiß der AFM-Spitze während des Messvorgangs festzustellen. Diese Aspekte fanden bisher keine Beachtung. Ausgehend von dem publizierten Stand wurde deshalb die Messstrategie und der Auswertealgorithmus durch eine geeignete Strategie zur Korrektur des Spitzenformeinflusses sowie der Ermittlung der Spitzenform erweitert. Diese wurde experimentell durch den Einsatz unterschiedlicher AFM-Spitzen mit nominellen Radien von 100 nm bis 2 μm an einer 300 μm-Rubin-Kugel untersucht. Im Rahmen des Beitrags werden dazu erste Ergebnisse vorgestellt und diskutiert.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2022-0073
Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas; Marin, Sebastian
Entwicklung eines neuartigen Magnetsystems für eine 1 kg-Planck-Waage :
Development of a novel magnet system for a 1 kg Planck balance. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 89 (2022), S. S31-S36

The following paper presents the development of a novel magnet system for use in a 1 kg Planck balance. For this purpose, several preliminary theoretical and experimental investigations were carried out and an optimized prototype magnetic system was modeled, designed and built based on the results. Initial measurements showed that the magnet system with an outer diameter of 104 mm and a height of 50 mm achieved a constant average value of 85.25 N A^-1 at a range of motion of ±0.6 mm.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2022-0043
Blumröder, Ulrike; Köchert, Paul; Fröhlich, Thomas; Füßl, Roland; Ortlepp, Ingo; Gerhardt, Uwe; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Flügge, Jens; Bosse, Harald; Manske, Eberhard
Ultrastable, traceable optical frequencies for length metrology in long-range nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2022), S. 381-384

Huaman, Alex S.; Gorges, Stephan; Katzschmann, Michael; Hesse, Steffen; Fröhlich, Thomas; Manske, Eberhard
Investigations on the tracking control and performance of a long stroke vertical nanopositioning drive. - In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2022), S. 233-236

Hebenstreit, Roman; Wedrich, Karin; Strehle, Steffen; Manske, Eberhard; Theska, René
First prototype of a positioning device with subatomic resolution. - In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2022), S. 97-100

In the forthgoing work on a device that enables subatomic resolved highly reproducible positioning, a first prototype is here presented. The entire positioning system including the actuator, sensor and guiding mechanism, is realized as a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) on chip level, based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. A modular printed circuit board acts as the mechanical as well as the electrical contacting interface for the silicon chip. First variants of a linear positioning system comprising axisymmetric double parallel crank structure are investigated. Pivot joints as flexure hinges with concentrated compliance are deployed. These hinges show minimal rotational axis displacement for small angles of deflection, thus ensuring smallest deviations to a straight-line path of the linear guiding mechanism. An electrostatic comb actuator transmits forces contactless to minimize over constraints. A measuring bridge in differential mode utilizes the same comb structures to measure the table position based on the capacitance change. Estimating the position resolution, limited by the resolution of the capacitive sensor, a measurable step width below 50 pm can be expected. In further steps, the device will be a platform to be equipped with a lattice-scale-based position measurement system according to achieve an even higher resolution and reproducibility.



Mathew, Sobin; Lebedev, Sergey P.; Lebedev, Alexander A.; Hähnlein, Bernd; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Manske, Eberhard; Pezoldt, Jörg
Silicon carbide - graphene nano-gratings on 4H and 6H semi-insulating SiC. - In: Materials science forum, ISSN 1662-9752, Bd. 1062 (2022), S. 170-174

A technical methodology of fabrication of hierarchically scaled multitude graphene nanogratings with varying pitches ranging from the micrometer down to sub 40 nm scale combined with sub 10 nm step heights on 4H and 6H semi-insulating SiC for length scale measurements is proposed. The nanogratings were fabricated using electron-beam lithography combined with dry etching of graphene, incorporating a standard semiconductor processing technology. A scientific evaluation of critical dimension, etching step heights, and surface characterization of graphene nanograting on both polytypes were compared and evaluated.



https://doi.org/10.4028/p-wn4zya
Marin, Sebastian; Augustin, Silke; Beerel, Joseph; Fröhlich, Thomas; Bartz, Frederik; Gehrmann, Stephan
Kalibriereinrichtung für Wärmestromsensoren. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2022), S. 482-486

Bartz, Frederik; Gehrmann, Stephan; Augustin, Silke; Marin, Sebastian; Lohrberg, Carolin
Vorstellung des Konzepts eines keramischen Wärmestromsensors. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2022), S. 336-340

Belkner, Johannes; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Häcker, Annika-Verena; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard
Amplituden- und Phasenmodulation in der Lock-In-gefilterten differentiellen konfokalen Profilometrie. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2022), S. 235-244

Birli, Oliver; Schwesinger, Folker; Manske, Eberhard
Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen - Herausforderungen bei der Visualisierung großer Messvolumina mit Übersichtsbildern im Gigapixel-Bereich. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2022), S. 224-234

Die Orientierung im Messvolumen von Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen mit großen Messbereichen (z.B. NPMM200 mit 200x200x25 mm Messbereich) ist speziell bei unbekannten Proben anspruchsvoll. Ein grobes Scannen mit AFM- oder Laserfokus-Sensoren (z.B. mit einem Pixelabstand von ca. 500 nm) ist extrem zeitaufwendig. Verwendet man zum Erstellen eines 3D-Übersichtsbildes Mikroskope und Kameras, kann in überschaubarer Zeit ein 3D-Abbild des Messobjektes erstellt werden. Durch eine Konvertierung in spezielle Datenformate ist eine nahezu verzögerungsfreie Navigation innerhalb der Grenzen des Messobjektes möglich. Die Herausforderungen und Probleme bei der Entwicklung derartiger Software bzgl. Rechnerarchitekturen, Datenspeicherung und Parallelisierung werden in dieser Abhandlung näher untersucht.



Gehrmann, Stephan; Bartz, Frederik; Skrotzki, David; Augustin, Silke; Dresler, Christian
Prüfstand für temperatursensitive Farben und grundlegende Untersuchung von Oberflächentemperaturen. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2022), S. 39-43

Ortlepp, Ingo; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Krötschl, Anja; Dontsov, Denis; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Hesse, Steffen; Reuter, Christoph; Strehle, Steffen; Fröhlich, Thomas; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Manske, Eberhard
Nanofabrication and -metrology by using the nanofabrication machine (NFM-100). - In: Novel Patterning Technologies 2022, (2022), 120540A, S. 120540A-1-120540A-12

The feature dimensions of integrated circuits are becoming smaller and the fabrication, metrology and inspection is becoming harder to be fulfilled. Fast-writing of long respectively large nano-features with Scanning-ProbeLithography and their inspection with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a challenge, for the accomplishment of which the Nanofabrication Machine (NFM-100) can serve as a beneficial experimental platform for basic research in the field of scale-spanning nanomeasuring and nanofabrication. The NFM-100 has an integrated tipbased system, which can be used as an AFM as well as for Field-Emission Scanning Probe Lithography (FESPL). The combination of both systems offers the possibility to fabricate and analyze micro- and nanostructures with high resolution and precision down to a single nanometre over a large area of 100 mm in diameter in a single configuration without tool or sensor change. Thus, in contrast to conventional optical inspection and alignment systems, the NFM-100 offers the potential for full lithographic and metrological automation. For FESPL, the implemented active probes enable an in-situ inspection capability, a quantitative mapping at unprecedented resolution, as well as an integrated overlay alignment system. In this paper, the basic set-up of the NFM-100 as well as the capability of the system for long range AFM scans and FESPL is demonstrated.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2615118
Oertel, Erik; Manske, Eberhard
Einfluss von Formabweichungen auf die Radius und Rundheitsmessung von Mikrokugeln :
Influence of form deviations on the radius and roundness measurement of micro spheres. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 89 (2022), 10, S. 704-713

Micro and nano coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) require small and well characterized micro spheres as probing elements. However, established strategies and instruments have mostly been designed for and applied to the characterization of larger spheres in the range of millimetres or above. That is why we have recently focused our attention towards a novel strategy which is based on a set of atomic force microscope (AFM) surface scans in conjunction with a stitching algorithm. Initial experimental results are promising, but point to several influences which require further attention. We have, therefore, begun to model the measurement strategy and applied it on simulated spheres, in order to investigate and reduce some of these influences. The model is currently limited to effects which are related to the radius and form of the sphere. Other influences, like the AFM tip, are being ignored. In this paper, we introduce the essential parts of this model and apply it on spheres of different mean radii (60 µm, 100 µm and 150 µm) and of different qualities (Grade 3 and Grade 5). The investigations illustrate that the measurement object can have a significant influence on the measurement result and needs to be considered.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2022-0007
Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Hofmann, Martin; Birli, Oliver; Häcker, Annika-Verena; Reinhardt, Carsten; Manske, Eberhard
Metrologische Nanopositionierung kombiniert mit Zwei-Photonen-Laserdirektschreiben :
Metrological nanopositioning combined with two-photon direct laser writing. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 89 (2022), 7/8, S. 507-514

The extension of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines (NPM-machines) to fabrication machines by using a femtosecond laser for the implementation of direct laser writing by means of two-photon absorption (2PA) is a promising approach for cross-scale metrological fabrication in the field of lithographic techniques [24]. To this end, a concept for integrating two-photon technology into an NPM machine was developed and implemented, followed by a characterization of the system and targeted investigations to provide evidence for the synergy of the two techniques. On this basis, a new approach to high-throughput micro- and nano-fabrication was developed and investigated, demonstrating new possibilities in cross-scale, high-precision manufacturing [6]. This mix-and-match approach is based on a combination of 2PA laser writing with field emission lithography to fabricate masters for subsequent nanoimprint lithography. Not only the advantages of the large positioning range of the NMM-1 could be highlighted, but also the advantages resulting from the highly accurate positioning. A systematic reduction of the distance between two adjacent lines resulted in a minimum photoresist width of less than [Math Processing Error] [16], which can be classified among the smallest distances between two laser-written lines described in the literature [4], [10], [20]. The center-to-center distance of the lines of about [Math Processing Error] at a numerical aperture of 0.16 and a wavelength of 801 nm is only about [Math Processing Error] of the Rayleigh diffraction limit extended for the two-photon process. Thus, for the first time, a resist width far below the diffraction limit could be realized with conventional two-photon laser writing in positive photoresist.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0127
Häcker, Annika-Verena; Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Stolzenberg, Clara F. L.; Reinhardt, Carsten; Manske, Eberhard
Modifications to a high-precision direct laser writing setup to improve its laser microfabrication. - In: Laser-Based Micro- and Nanoprocessing XVI, (2022), 119890U, S. 119890U-1-119890U-7

Two-photon-absorption (2PA) techniques enables the possibility to create extremely fine structures in photosensitive materials. For direct laser writing as micro- or nanofabrication a laser system can be combined with highly precise positioning systems. These are mostly limited by a few hundreds micrometer positioning range with applications based on piezoelectric stages or even just relatively few tens micrometer positioning range with applications based on galvanometer scanners. Although these techniques are precise, but stitching methods are required for larger fabrication areas. Therefore, a setup consisting of a femtosecond laser for 2PA and a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NMM-1) was developed for high precision laser writing on lager surfaces. Further developments of the system should enable a significant improvement in high-precision and stitching free direct laser writing. In order to combine the the femtosecond laser and the NMM-1 into a functional unit, to write complex structures with highest accuracy and homogeneity, further improvements like a beam expansion for a better use of the numerical aperture of the objective and a new femtosecond laser with a integrated power measurement are realized. This showed improvements in line width for nano strucuring. Advantages and disadvantages as well as further developments of the NMM-1 system will be discussed related to current developments in the laser beam and nanopositioning system optimization.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2609417
Mathew, Sobin; Lebedev, Sergey P.; Lebedev, Alexander A.; Hähnlein, Bernd; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Udas, Kashyap; Jacobs, Heiko O.; Manske, Eberhard; Pezoldt, Jörg
Nanoscale surface morphology modulation of graphene - i-SiC heterostructures. - In: Materials today, ISSN 2214-7853, Bd. 53 (2022), 2, S. 289-292

A multitude gratings design consists of gratings with different pitches ranging from the micrometre down to sub 40 nm scale combined with sub 10 nm step heights modulating the surface morphology for length scale measurements is proposed. The surface morphology modulation was performed using electron beam lithography incorporating a standard semiconductor processing technology. The critical dimension, edge roughness, step heights and line morphology in dependence on the grating pitch is studied.



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.427
Bartz, Frederik; Gehrmann, Stephan; Marin, Sebastian
Messunsicherheitsbetrachtung für die Kalibrierung von keramischen Wärmestromsensoren. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen - Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2021, (2021), S. 23-34

Der Beitrag zeigt die Bedeutung neuer thermischer Messverfahren für den Fahrzeugentwicklungsprozess im Bereich des Thermomanagements von Elektrofahrzeugen. Die Messung der Wärmestromdichte mit geeigneten Sensoren kann einen wichtigen Beitrag in der zukünftigen thermischen Abstimmung liefern. Hierfür werden neue keramische Wärmestromsensoren entwickelt, deren Grundprinzip erläutert wird. Für diese Wärmestromsensoren wird zudem eine geeignete Kalibriereinrichtung konstruiert. Das Funktionsprinzip dieser Kalibriereinrichtung sowie die messtechnischen Herausforderungen werden ebenfalls betrachtet. Abschließend werden sowohl wichtige Einflussfaktoren als auch grundlegende Messunsicherheitsbeiträge für den Wärmestromsensor und die Kalibriereinrichtung vorgestellt.



https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023907-23
Blumröder, Ulrike; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard; Köchert, Paul; Flügge, Jens
Frequenzkamm-gekoppelte Metrologielaser für den Einsatz in Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen - Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2021, (2021), S. 209-222

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023907-209
Dannberg, Oliver; Fröhlich, Thomas
Steifigkeitskalibrierung von Cantilevern : rückführbares Messen der Kraft-Weg-Kennline. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen - Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2021, (2021), S. 189-196

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023907-189
Fröhlich, Thomas;
Nach der Neudefinition des Kilogramms: Darstellung kleiner Kräfte. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen - Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2021, (2021), S. 147-157

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023907-147
Oertel, Erik; Manske, Eberhard
Unsicherheitsbetrachtungen zur Charakterisierung von Mikrokugeln auf Basis von AFM-Oberflächenscans. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen - Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis 2021, (2021), S. 121-132

https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023907-121
Cherkasova, Valeriya A.; Fröhlich, Thomas
Implementation options of control systems for a cantilever calibration device. - In: Proceedings of 2021 IV International Conference on Control in Technical Systems (CTS), (2021), S. 3-6

The article describes global approaches to control of the cantilever calibration device. The idea of the device consists in electromagnetic compensation of the influence of cantilever forces. The development of regulators is based on the simulation of mechanical processes when the cantilever is applied to the load cell with the principle of electromagnetic compensation; the identification of the processes is performed. In addition, in the course of the study, a comparison was made of PID controllers implemented on various actuator systems: an analog circuit, a current source, a dSPACE real-time system, a microcontroller. The purpose of developing and comparing regulators was to improve characteristics of the system: regulation time, overshoot, noise amplitude.



https://doi.org/10.1109/CTS53513.2021.9562880
Ortlepp, Ingo; Fern, Florian; Schienbein, Ralf; Supreeti, Shraddha; Füßl, Roland; Theska, René; Sinzinger, Stefan; Manske, Eberhard
Traceable 5D-nanofabrication with nano positioning and nano measuring machines. - In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2021), S. 333-336

Today, besides the ongoing progress in the reduction of feature sizes, the measuring and fabrication of freeform surfaces with nanometre uncertainty, e.g. for aspheric lenses or structures with high aspect ratios, are a challenging task. Usually, dealing with such objects is limited by the local tilt angle between the object surface and the tool axis. There are different approaches to perform such measurements. In this paper, an extension of the Nano Measuring Machine NMM-1 with two rotational axes is described. With the proposed setup, it is possible to orientate the tool-axis perpendicular to the sample in every position, allowing larger angles to be measured / structured and minimising the uncertainty of the process e.g. due to the tilt dependency of the tool. Various machine designs are investigated and finally a solution with one rotary and one goniometer stage is integrated, preserving the existing machine infrastructure and allowing the addressability of a full hemisphere without limiting the measuring volume. As the tool centre point maintains its position during tool rotation, the Abbe principle is still fulfilled in every angular orientation. Emphasis was put on the metrological traceability of the whole system, including linear and rotary axes as well the tool itself. This was achieved by using a reference hemisphere, compensating the trajectory errors of the rotational axes. For the developed arrangement, the measurement uncertainty was investigated and several strategies for an in-situ-calibration of the additional axes are described. Finally, nanofabrication on large slopes is demonstrated.



Schienbein, Ralf; Theska, René; Fern, Florian; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard
On the development of five-axes nanopositioning machines for measurement and fabrication purposes based on Cartesian systems. - In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2021), S. 213-216

Rogge, Norbert; Fröhlich, Thomas
Utilization of a commercial EMFC system as component in a Kibble balance :
Nutzung eines kommerziellen EMK-Systems als Bestandteil einer Kibble-Waage. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 88 (2021), S. S8-S13

Eine Planck-Waage ist eine einfach bedienbare und vergleichsweise kostengünstige Umsetzung des Kalibrierprinzips einer Kibblewaage. Zu diesem Zweck besteht das Gesamtsystem möglichst aus kommerziell verfügbaren Komponenten wie z.B. einer Wägezelle nach dem Prinzp der elektromagnetischen Kraftkompenastion. Diese dient sowohl der Aufnahme des Masseprüflings im Wägemodus, als auch zur Führung im Bewegungsmodus. Da Abweichungen vom Idealverhalten bezüglich Kraft- und Momentenaufnahme sowie der Bewegungstrajektorie großen Einfluss auf das Messergebnis haben, müssen diese analysiert und im Messprozess berücksichtigt werde



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0053
Dannberg, Oliver; Fröhlich, Thomas
Stiffness calibration of AFM cantilevers :
Steifigkeitsmessungen von AFM-Cantilevern. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 88 (2021), S. S3-S7

Zur rückführbaren Kraftmessung mit AFM-Cantilevern ist aufgrund von Fertigungstoleranzen eine individuelle Kalibrierung jedes einzelnen Cantilevers notwendig. An der TU-Ilmenau wurde ein Prüfstand entwickelt, welcher die Steifigkeit nach einem statisch experimentellen Verfahren bestimmt. Dabei wird der Cantilever um einen definierten Weg ausgelenkt und die dazu notwendige Kraft gemessen. Die Wegmessung erfolgt durch ein kommerzielles Differenzinterferometer und die Kraftmessung mithilfe einer neu entwickelten Wägezelle. In diesem Artikel wird die Funktion des Prüfstandes am Beispiel einer Kalibrierung beschrieben und ein Messunsicherheitsbudget aufgestellt. Die relative Messunsicherheit beträgt ca. 1,5 % bei einer maximalen Kalibrierkraft von <100 nN. Eine anschließende Untersuchung des Cantilevers ergab keine nachweisbaren Schäden an dessen Spitze.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0046
Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Hofmann, Martin; Birli, Oliver; Häcker, Annika-Verena; Reinhardt, Carsten; Manske, Eberhard
Two-photon direct laser writing with metrologically traceable positioning :
Direktes Laserschreiben auf Basis von Zwei-Photonen-Absorption mit metrologisch rückführbarer Positionierung. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 88 (2021), S. S22-S27

Die Erweiterung von Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen (NPM-Maschinen) zu Fabrikationsmaschinen durch den Einsatz eines Femtosekundenlasers für die Umsetzung von direktem Laserschreiben mittels Zwei-Photonen-Absorption (2PA) ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur skalenübergreifenden metrologischen Fertigung im Bereich der lithografischen Techniken [23]. Dazu wurde zunächst ein Konzept zur Integration der Zwei-Photonen-Technologie in eine NPM-Maschine entwickelt und umgesetzt. Anschließend erfolgten eine Charakterisierung des Systems sowie gezielte Untersuchungen, um den Nachweis für die Synergie der beiden Techniken zu erbringen. Auf dieser Grundlage wurde ein neuer Ansatz zur Mikro- und Nanofabrikation mit hohem Durchsatz entwickelt und untersucht, welcher neue Möglichkeiten in der skalenübergreifenden, hochpräzisen Fertigung aufzeigt [5]. Dieser Mix-and-Match-Ansatz basiert auf einer Verbindung von 2PA-Laserschreiben mit Feldemissionslithografie zur Herstellung von Mastern für anschließende Nanoimprintlithografie. Nicht nur die Vorteile des großen Positionierbereichs der NMM-1 konnten herausgestellt werden, sondern auch die Vorteile, die sich durch die hochgenaue Positionierung ergeben. Eine systematische Reduzierung des Abstands zweier benachbarter Linien führte zu einer minimalen Stegbreite von unter 30 nm [15], was bei den kleinsten in der Literatur beschriebenen Distanzen zwischen zwei lasergeschriebenen Linien einzuordnen ist [3, 9, 19]. Die Center-to-Center-Distanz der Linien von etwa 1.695 [my]m bei einer numerischen Apertur von 0.16 und einer Wellenlänge von 801 nm beträgt nur etwa 56 % der für den Zweiphotonenprozess erweiterten Beugungsbegrenzung nach Rayleigh. Erstmalig konnte somit eine Stegbreite weit unterhalb der Beugungsbegrenzung mit herkömmlichem Zwei-Photonen-Laserschreiben in Positiv-Photolack realisiert werden.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0052
Meta, Emiljano; Manske, Eberhard
Topography analysis in the NPMM-200. - In: SMSI 2021, (2021), S. 266-267

https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2021/D6.1
Röse, Anni; Köchert, Paul; Prellinger, Günther; Manske, Eberhard; Pollinger, Florian
Monte-Carlo analysis of challenges and limitations of dispersion-based optical thermometry. - In: SMSI 2021, (2021), S. 203-204

https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2021/C4.4
Bartz, Frederik; Gehrmann, Stephan; Augustin, Silke; Ackermann, Vincent; Fröhlich, Thomas
Measurement and calculation of surface temperature on tyre samples. - In: SMSI 2021, (2021), S. 195-196

https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2021/C3.4
Dannberg, Oliver; Cherkasova, Valeriya; Fröhlich, Thomas
A control concept of a compensation load cell in terms of calibration a cantilever. - In: SMSI 2021, (2021), S. 59-60

https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2021/A3.4
Dannberg, Oliver; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Development of a traceable cantilever calibration device. - In: SMSI 2021, (2021), S. 57-58

https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2021/A3.3
Pabst, Markus; Darnieder, Maximilian; Theska, René; Fröhlich, Thomas
Adjustment concept for compensating stiffness and tilt sensitivity of a novel monolithic EMFC weighing cell. - In: SMSI 2021, (2021), S. 53-54

This paper describes the experimental investigation of a new adjustment concept for planar monolithic high precision electromagnetic force compensated weighing cells. The concept allows to adjust the stiffness and the tilt sensitivity of the compliant mechanisms to an optimum. A new prototype mechanism is set up and adjusted according to the developed mechanical model. For evaluation of the concept, the system was tested on a high precision tilt table and under high vacuum conditions.



https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2021/A3.1
Tobehn-Steinhäuser, Ingo; Reiche, Manfred; Schmelz, Matthias; Stolz, Ronny; Fröhlich, Thomas; Ortlepp, Thomas
Carrier mobility in semiconductors at very low temperatures. - In: Engineering proceedings, ISSN 2673-4591, Bd. 6 (2021), 1, 86, insges. 5 S.

Carrier mobilities and concentrations were measured for different p- and n-type silicon materials in the temperature range 0.3-300 K. Simulations show that experimentally determined carrier mobilities are best described in this temperature range by Klaassen's model. Freeze-out reduces the carrier concentration with decreasing temperature. Freeze-out, however, depends on the dopant type and initial concentration. Semi-classical calculations are useful only for temperatures above 100 K. Otherwise quantum mechanical calculations are required.



https://doi.org/10.3390/I3S2021Dresden-10086
Belkner, Johannes; Ortlepp, Ingo; Gerhardt, Uwe; Manske, Eberhard
Compensating aberration induced error in differential confocal microscopy. - In: Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection XII, (2021), S. 117820P-1-117820P-10

Confocal microscopy is a working horse of optical profilometry since decades. It is a pointwise measurement method, where the whole sample must be scanned in all three dimensions. The high lateral resolution thereby outstrips its lowered scanning speed compared to widefield based principles. Furthermore, for a single 3D surface, even single-digit nanometre depth-resolution has been shown. However, albeit such high axial resolution, the accuracy may suffer from sample or optics induced wavefront distortions that differ from point to point. The acquired signal then experiences a shift that leads to a wrong acquired depth. Here we model this error through a low NA scalar model. We further present a method to compensate this error significantly by enhancing the principle of differential confocal microscopy. Theoretical results show the possibility for ideal compensation of the error caused by such in-stationary aberrations in confocal depth measurements.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2592392
Huaman, Alex S.; Katzschmann, Michael; Hesse, Steffen; Schäffel, Christoph; Weise, Christoph; Dontsov, Denis; Manske, Eberhard; Reger, Johann
Picometer-scale positioning of a linear drive system via feedforward-feedback control. - In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM), (2021), insges. 6 S.

This paper deals with the controller design of a linear drive system with potential applications in picometer-scale positioning. The displacement is measured using a high-precision differential plane-mirror laser interferometer. However, this measured signal must be filtered for control purposes and performance validation. For tracing picometers, we adopt a model-based 2-DOF control architecture with a feedforward stage for model-following and a feedback stage for stabilization and compensation of constant disturbances. A straightforward way to deal with noise is to use a feedback controller based on estimated (and filtered) states, which can be generated by a Kalman-Bucy filter. The effectiveness of the presented control strategy is verified via real-time experimentation, where the overall control scheme allows positioning in the picometer level. Moreover, comparative tests in the frequency domain were conducted using the so-called PI-LQR feedback controller based on estimated states.



https://doi.org/10.1109/ICM46511.2021.9385699
Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Reuter, Christoph; Ortlepp, Ingo; Holz, Mathias; Dontsov, Denis; Schäffel, Christoph; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Strehle, Steffen; Manske, Eberhard
Nanopositioning and -fabrication using the Nano Fabrication Machine with a positioning range up to Ø 100 mm. - In: Novel Patterning Technologies 2021, (2021), S. 1161016-1-1161016-10

This paper focuses on a new Nano Fabrication Machine 100 (NFM-100) with a working range up to 100 mm in diameter and its integrated tip-based system, which can be used as an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) as well as for Field-Emission-Scanning-Probe-Lithography (FESPL). The combination of both systems offers the possibility to fabricate and analyze micro- and nanostructures with high resolution and precision down to a single nanometer over a large area in one single configuration without tool or sensor change. After the description of the basic machine structure of the NFM-100, the demonstration of long range and large area AFM scans in combination with the NFM-100 will be shown. Additionally, the basic functionality of the FESPL manufacturing process is presented.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583703
Wedrich, Karin; Darnieder, Maximilian; Vierzigmann, Eric; Barth, Alexander; Theska, René; Strehle, Steffen
Conceptual design of a microscale balance based on force compensation. - In: Microactuators, microsensors and micromechanisms, (2021), S. 103-114

Macroscopic electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) balances are well established but were not yet demonstrated within microsystems. Hence, in this paper, the concept and the design of a micro fabricated force compensation balance is presented. The implemented concentrated compliance mechanism in form of flexure hinges enables motion with high precision, which is combined with a force compensation mechanism. The concept of force compensation promises a high measurement range, which is expected to be up to 0.5 mN, while still enabling a high resolution of less than 8 nN. The developed dynamic model of the miniaturized balance is used for the design of a PID-controller strategy. Here, continuous and time-discrete controller approaches are compared. The time-discrete controller with realistic delay times, leads to an accuracy of the controller, which is better than the expected accuracy of the integrated capacitive position sensor.



https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61652-6_9
Belkner, Johannes; Döll, Joachim; Koppka, Christian; Breiter, Manuela; Hofmann, Martin; Ortlepp, Ingo; Gerhardt, Uwe; Strehle, Steffen; Manske, Eberhard
An electrothermally actuated membrane as oscillating pinhole for the high-frequent modulation of light. - In: DGaO-Proceedings, ISSN 1614-8436, Bd. 121 (2020), B37, insges. 2 S.

We present theory, processing steps and first results for a thermally actuated Aluminiumnitride-Platinum membrane with a resonant frequency of the first mode at around 100 kHz and resonant displacements at its center of around 30 µm. The radial-symmetric membrane is broadband opaque for wavelengths from visual light and beyond. An exception is a small pinhole of various diameters below 3 µm in its center. Through thermally induced asymmetric stress inside the multilayer, the clamped membrane bends out. The pinhole in its center will be displaced parallel to the optical axis.The intended use for such a membrane is to replace the traditional confocal pinhole in the detection path of a microscope. Applying a stable known resonant modulation on an acquired signal enables a lock-in principle for a differential confocal depth sensing as shown in [1]. The advantage over the employed tunable acoustic gradient lens (TAG lens) there, is the reduced size, the simplicity of the arrangement and constant illumination properties on the sample.



https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0287-2020-B037-6
Vasilyan, Suren; Rogge, Norbert; Manske, Eberhard; Fröhlich, Thomas
Generation of static and dynamic small calibration forces and their measurements by electromagnetic force compensation balance. - In: Acta IMEKO, ISSN 2221-870X, Bd. 9 (2020), 5, S. 113-117

The paper presents some of the results of the static and dynamic force measurements at 100 nN to sub-10 [my]N ranges which are generated due the photon-momentum. The force sensor with resolution about 20 nN and operating in differential measurement mode is developed by two electromagnetic force compensation balances. In order to generate these calibration forces, CW lasers with different operational modes, power levels, and wavelengths are used. Multi-reflection configuration of the laser beam inside the macroscopic cavity with highly reflective mirrors are used to test and variate the total amount of the forces.



https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.951
Rogge, Norbert; Rothleitner, Christian; Lin, Shan; Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas; Härtig, Frank; Knopf, Dorothea
Error sources in the force mode of the "PB2" Planck-Balance. - In: Acta IMEKO, ISSN 2221-870X, Bd. 9 (2020), 5, S. 53-57

The PB2 Planck-Balance is a table-top Kibble balance, that is designed for the calibration of class E2 weights in a range of 1 mg up to 100 g. This work presents typical systematic errors which have to be considered during the calibration and will show results for measurements with small masses.



https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.938
Lin, Shan; Rothleitner, Christian; Rogge, Norbert; Fröhlich, Thomas
Influences on amplitude estimation using three-parameter sine fitting algorithm in the velocity mode of the Planck-Balance. - In: Acta IMEKO, ISSN 2221-870X, Bd. 9 (2020), 3, S. 40-46

The Planck-Balance is a table-top version of a Kibble balance. In contrast to many other Kibble balances, the coil is moved sinusoidally and an ac rather than a dc signal is generated in the velocity mode. The three-parameter sine fitting algorithm is applied to estimate the amplitudes of the induced voltage and the coil motion, which are used to determine the force factor Bl of the voice coil of the electromagnetic force compensation balance. However, the three-parameter sine fitting algorithm is not robust against some perturbations, e.g. additive Gaussian white noise, quantization error, harmonic distortion, frequency error and time jitter. These effects have influences on the accuracy of the amplitude estimation. Based on numerical simulations and correlation analyses, the effects of these perturbations are determined. By optimizing measurement and data processing approach, the bias and standard deviation of the estimated amplitude can be effectively reduced, and thus the accuracy of the force factor Bl in the velocity mode can be improved.



https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i3.781
Wang, Y.; Rogge, Norbert; Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas
Investigations on nonlinear deformation phenomena in a force calibration system. - In: Acta IMEKO, ISSN 2221-870X, Bd. 9 (2020), 5, S. 150-155

Previous investigations show, in force calibration and measurement systems that are based on electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC), deformations of the flexure hinges can cause significant contributions to the uncertainty of the system. A Simulink model of the Planck-Balance 2 (PB2) is established in MATLAB according to the CAD model. The results are compared to simplified analytical models and the results obtained from measurement.



https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.958
Rothleitner, Christian; Rogge, Norbert; Lin, Shan; Vasilyan, Suren; Knopf, Dorothea; Härtig, Frank; Fröhlich, Thomas
Planck-Balance 1 (PB1) - a table-top Kibble balance for masses from 1 mg to 1 kg - current status. - In: Acta IMEKO, ISSN 2221-870X, Bd. 9 (2020), 5, S. 47-52

The Planck-Balance 1 (PB1) has been developed in a collaboration between the Physikalisch- Technische Bundesanstalt and the Technische Universität Ilmenau. It is a small-size Kibble balance aimed to calibrate E1 mass standards for a mass range from 1 mg to 1 kg. This paper presents its principle and some preliminary investigations.



https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.937
Schädel, Sebastian; Przyklenk, Anita; Stein, Martin; Kniel, Karin; Manske, Eberhard
Holistic calibration of screw threads based on a three-dimensional approach :
Ganzheitliche Kalibrierung von Gewinden auf Basis eines dreidimensionalen Ansatzes. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 87 (2020), S. S16-S21

Gewinde sind Maschinenelemente mit vielseitiger Funktionalität. Sie werden zum Befestigen, Verbinden, Abdichten oder Zentrieren verwendet und in großen Stückzahlen hergestellt. Dabei steigen die Anforderungen an die Fertigung und Qualitätssicherung stetig an. Nach aktuellen Normen und Richtlinien erfolgt die Prüfung der Bestimmungsgrößen an Gewinden stichprobenartig in wenigen festgelegten Axialschnitten und Prüfebenen. Die komplex geformten und stark gekrümmten Werkstückoberflächen von Gewindeflanken werden deshalb hinsichtlich ihrer Funktionalität unzureichend bewertet. Das neuartige Messverfahren basiert auf einem dreidimensionalen mathematischen Modell zur Beschreibung der Gewindegeometrie. Die Aufnahme der Messpunkte als Ist-Punktewolke erfolgt durch eine flächenhafte Messstrategie auf konventionellen Koordinatenmessgeräten. Der anschließende ganzheitliche Auswertealgorithmus ermöglicht erstmals die Bestimmung aller relevanten Bestimmungsgrößen am Gewinde auf Basis eines einzigen Datensatzes. Des Weiteren liefert der neue Auswertealgorithmus erstmals ein Ergebnis für die lokalen Bestimmungsgrößen, welche zur Berechnung des Paarungsflankendurchmessers benötigt werden.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2020-0035
Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Ortlepp, Ingo; Reuter, Christoph; Holz, Mathias; Dontsov, Denis; Schäffel, Christoph; Strehle, Steffen; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Manske, Eberhard
Investigations on long-range AFM scans using a nanofabrication machine (NFM-100). - In: Proceedings, ISSN 2504-3900, Volume 56 (2020), issue 1, 34, Seite 1-3

The focus of this work lies on investigations on a new Nano Fabrication Machine (NFM-100) with a mounted atomic force microscope (AFM). This installed tip-based measuring system uses self-sensing and self-actuated microcantilevers, which can be used especially for field-emission scanning probe lithography (FESPL). The NFM-100 has a positioning range of Ø 100 mm, which offers, in combination with the tip-based measuring system, the possibility to analyse structures over long ranges. Using different gratings, the accuracy and the reproducibility of the NFM-100 and the AFM-system will be shown.



https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020056034
Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Rangelow, Ivo W.
Phase-modulated standing wave interferometer. - In: Proceedings, ISSN 2504-3900, Volume 56 (2020), issue 1, 12, Seite 1-3

Standing wave interferometers (SWIs) show enormous potential for miniaturization because of their simple linear optical set-up, consisting only of a laser source, a measuring mirror and two standing wave sensors for obtaining quadrature signals. To reduce optical influences on the standing wave and avoid the need for an exact and long-term stable sensor-to-sensor distance, a single-sensor set-up was developed with a phase modulation by forced oscillation of the measuring mirror. When the correct modulation stroke is applied, the harmonics in the sensor signal can be used for obtaining quadrature signals for phase demodulation and direction discrimination.



https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020056012
Röse, Anni; Liu, Yang; Köchert, Paul; Prellinger, Günther; Manske, Eberhard; Pollinger, Florian
Modulation-based long-range interferometry as basis for an optical two-color temperature sensor. - In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2020), S. 299-300

Darnieder, Maximilian; Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas; Theska, René
Corner loading and its influence on the tilt sensitivity of precision weighing cells. - In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2020), S. 95-98

Lin, Shan; Rothleitner, Christian; Rogge, Norbert; Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas; Härtig, Frank; Knopf, Dorothea
Towards a table-top Kibble balance for E1 mass standards in a range from 1 mg to 1 kg - Planck-Balance 1 (PB1). - In: 2020 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), (2020), insges. 2 S.

https://doi.org/10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191883
Kacker, Raghu N.; Kessel, Rüdiger; Sommer, Klaus-Dieter
Operational measurement uncertainty and Bayesian probability distribution. - In: SMSI 2020, (2020), S. 275-276
Richtiger Name des 3. Verfassers: Klaus-Dieter Sommer

Straube, Guido; Fischer Calderón, Sebastian J.; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard
Fundamentals of dynamic sensor positioning with nanoscale accuracy by an inverse kinematic concept. - In: SMSI 2020, (2020), S. 307-308

A recent challenge in measurement science is the growing demand for machines allowing nanoscale positioning and measuring in large volumes. The moving stage principle typically used for these applications needs to be altered, considering the mass of the moving stage growing with the measuring volume. This paper proposes an inverted kinematic concept and discusses two approaches to the reconstruction of mirror profiles to compensate for deviations in the mirror topographies.



Omidian, Maryam; Néel, Nicolas; Manske, Eberhard; Pezoldt, Jörg; Lei, Yong; Kröger, Jörg
Structural and local electronic properties of clean and Li-intercalated graphene on SiC(0001). - In: DPG-Frühjahrstagung (DPG Spring Meeting) of the Condensed Matter Section (SKM) together with the DPG Division Environmental Physics and the Working Groups Accelerator Physics; Equal Opportunities; Energy; Industry and Business; Physics, Modern IT and Artificial Intelligence, Young DPG, (2020), O 80.3

Rogge, Norbert; Lin, Shan; Rothleitner, Christian; Vasilyan, Suren
Excitation frequency dependent deviations during the "Velocity Mode" of BL measurements in the Planck-Balance. - In: Electrical and electronic measurements promote industry 4.0, (2020), S. 198-202

Lin, Shan; Rothleitner, Christian; Rogge, Norbert
Amplitude estimation using three-parameter sine fitting algorithm in the Planck-Balance. - In: Electrical and electronic measurements promote industry 4.0, (2020), S. 77-80

Bischoff, Jörg; Pahl, Tobias; Lehmann, Peter; Manske, Eberhard
Model-based dimensional optical metrology. - In: Optics and Photonics for Advanced Dimensional Metrology, (2020), S. 113520P-1-113520P-13

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2554517
Belkner, Johannes; Hofmann, Martin; Kirchner, Johannes; Manske, Eberhard
Demonstration of aberration-robust high-frequency modulated Differential Confocal Microscopy with an oscillating Pinhole. - In: Optics and Photonics for Advanced Dimensional Metrology, (2020), S. 113520N-1-113520N-10

Metrological stages such as the nano-positioning and nano-measurement machine (NPMM) can position single-digit nanometer accurately on centimeter working volumes. However, their measurement system requires a feedback to the arbitrary shaped specimen by another probe. The differential confocal microscopy (DCM) offers the possibility to have a sensitivity down to that single-digit nanometers but suffers from noise and aberration. Recently the principle of the LockIn filtering could be successfully adapted in DCM and therefore achieved a high SNR. Contrary to the there employed acoustically driven tunable GRIN lens (TAG lens) at the objective, we demonstrate a microelectromechanical system (MEMS), an AFM cantilever, as an ultrafast oscillating pinhole in front of the detector. Its first resonance at 96kHz makes it very competitive regarding acquisition speed, but the low oscillation amplitude lowers contrast. By principle inheriting the possibility to compensate a change in reflectivity, we present another advancement for the evaluation of the resulting differential signal to make it robust against sample induced systematic depth errors, e.g. a tilt-angle. This could be advantageous for DCM with static beam-paths, as well. Potentially, the highest improvement can be achieved in conjunction with the NPMMs highly accurate measurement interferometers, because the residual error for the depth of a specimen under the influence of varying aberration is kept below 20nm.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2555558
Bischoff, Jörg; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Manske, Eberhard
Scanning wavefront detection coherent Fourier scatterometry (SCFS). - In: Optics and Photonics for Advanced Dimensional Metrology, (2020), S. 1135214-1-1135214-11

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2554526
Ortlepp, Ingo; Kühnel, Michael; Hofmann, Martin; Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Kirchner, Johannes; Supreeti, Shraddha; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Holz, Mathias; Michels, Thomas; Füßl, Roland; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Fröhlich, Thomas; Dontsov, Denis; Schäffel, Christoph; Manske, Eberhard
Tip- and laser-based nanofabrication up to 100 mm with sub-nanometre precision. - In: Novel Patterning Technologies for Semiconductors, MEMS/NEMS and MOEMS 2020, (2020), S. 113240A-1-113240A-17

Although the field of optical lithography is highly investigated and numerous improvements are made, structure sizes smaller than 20 nm can only be achieved by considerable effort when using conventional technology. To cover the upcoming tasks in future lithography, enormous exertion is put into the development of alternative fabrication technologies in particular for micro- and nanotechnologies that are capable of measuring and patterning at the atomic scale in growing operating areas of several hundred square millimetres. Many new technologies resulted in this process, and are promising to overcome the current limitations^1, 2, but most of them are demonstrated in small areas of several square micrometers only, using state-of-the-art piezo stages or the like. At the Technische Universitat Ilmenau, the NanoFabrication Machine 100 (NFM-100) was developed, which serves as an important experimental platform for basic research in the field of scale-spanning AFM tip-based and laser-based nanomeasuring and nanofabrication for simultaneous subnanometre measuring and structuring on surfaces up to Ø100 mm. This machine can be equipped with several probing systems like AFM, laser focus probes and 3D-micro probes as well as tools for different nanofabrication technologies like tip-based technologies, optical technologies and mechanical two-dimensional technologies in a large working range with subnanometre reproducibility and uncertainty. In this paper, the specifics and advantages of the NFM-100 will be described as well as nanofabrication technologies that are currently worked on e.g. advanced scanning proximal probe lithography based on Fowler-Nordheim-electron-field emission, direct laser writing and UV-nanoimprint lithography.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551044
Germanow, Philipp; Mehring, Patrick; Neumann, Herbert; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Krapf, Gunter
Comparison of different methods for experimental determining the inhomogeneity of thermocouples :
Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur experimentellen Bestimmung der Inhomogenität von Thermoelementen. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 87 (2020), 3, S. 146-152

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0138
Pabst, Markus; Darnieder, Maximilian; Theska, René; Fröhlich, Thomas
Measuring and adjusting the stiffness and tilt sensitivity of a novel 2D monolithic high precision electromagnetic force compensated weighing cell. - Boulder, Colo. : NCSL International. - 1 Online-Ressource (1 Seite)Publikation entstand im Rahmen der Veranstaltung: Metrology in motion : NCSLI workshop & symposium, August 24-29, 2019

Further improvements in high precision mass comparison are a recent issue in the dissemination chain of the mass standard. One of the most precise methods of mass comparison is achieved by the use of high precision electromagnetic force compensated (EMFC) weighing cells as part of mass comparators. The mechanics of EMFC weighing cells are based on compliant mechanisms with concentrated compliances in form of flexure hinges. Total mechanical stiffness and tilt sensitivity are limiting factors with regard to the resolution of EMFC weighing cells. In order to optimize their performance, the stiffness and the tilt sensitivity of the systems need to be minimized. Due to manufacturing restrictions and robustness requirements, a further reduction of the thickness of the pivots is not desirable. In this paper, an alternative to reduce stiffness and tilt sensitivity by adding trim weights in combination with an astasizing adjustment is presented. Based on the results of the investigations, a new planar monolithic mechanism for an EMFC weighing cell is designed, providing the possibility to adjust trim masses. The new mechanism is set up and adjusted according to the developed mechanical model. A parameter combination for a total stiffness slightly above zero and a tilt sensitivity close to zero is found. For the evaluation of the adjustment success and the vacuum compatibility, the system is tested under high vacuum conditions.



https://doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2019.13
Krey, Maximilian; Töpfer, Hannes; Paris, Roman; Fröhlich, Thomas
Design of a test station for magnetoelectric sensor development. - In: 2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF 2019) - book of abstracts, (2019), insges. 2 S.

https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097048
Vasilyan, Suren; Rogge, Norbert; Fröhlich, Thomas
Metrology in direct photon momentum measurement. - In: Messunsicherheit - Prüfprozesse 2019, (2019), S. 193-205

Fröhlich, Thomas; Rogge, Norbert; Vasilyan, Suren; Hilbrunner, Falko; Rothleitner, Christian; Günther, Ludwig; Knopf, Dorothea; Lin, Shan; Härtig, Frank
The Planck-Balance (PB2) - using a fixed value of the Planck constant to calibrate E2-weights. - In: Messunsicherheit - Prüfprozesse 2019, (2019), S. 41-52

Lin, Shan; Rothleitner, Christian; Günther, Ludwig; Knopf, Dorothea; Härtig, Frank; Rogge, Norbert; Vasilyan, Suren; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas
The Planck-Balance (PB2) - tracing the mass via electrical quantities. - In: Messunsicherheit - Prüfprozesse 2019, (2019), S. 53-65

Schiering, Nadine; Schnelle-Werner, Olaf; Sommer, Klaus-Dieter
Modellbildung in der Messtechnik - ein Überblick. - In: Messunsicherheit - Prüfprozesse 2019, (2019), S. 171-178

Sasiuk, Taras; Fröhlich, Thomas; Theska, René; Darnieder, Maximilian
Generation of a static torque in the range of 1 mNm to 1 Nm according to the Jokey-weight principle. - In: Messunsicherheit - Prüfprozesse 2019, (2019), S. 111-120

Fern, Florian; Schienbein, Ralf; Füßl, Roland
Neues Konzept für eine fünfachsige Nanomessmaschine. - In: Messunsicherheit - Prüfprozesse 2019, (2019), S. 131-138

Rogge, Norbert;
Störgrößenidentifikation in der dynamischen Wägetechnik. - In: Messunsicherheit - Prüfprozesse 2019, (2019), S. 67-74

Cherkasova, Valeriya A.;
Modeling and development of a load cell control system with electromagnetic force compensation. - In: Proceedings of 2019 III International Conference on Control in Technical Systems (CTS), (2019), S. 121-125

https://doi.org/10.1109/CTS48763.2019.8973268
Cherkasova, Valeriya A.; Brikova, Olga I.
Development and modeling of an automatic drive micropositioning control system for laser equipment positioning tasks. - In: Proceedings of 2019 III International Conference on Control in Technical Systems (CTS), (2019), S. 118-120

https://doi.org/10.1109/CTS48763.2019.8973316
Meister, Andreas; Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Kirchner, Johannes; Hofmann, Martin; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Füßl, Roland; Reger, Johann; Manske, Eberhard
Trans-scale nanofabrication with nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: IFAC-PapersOnLine, ISSN 2405-8963, Bd. 52 (2019), 15, S. 151-156

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.666
Gorges, Stephan; Hesse, Stefan; Schäffel, Christoph; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard; Langlotz, Enrico; Dontsov, Denis
Integrated planar 6-DOF nanopositioning system. - In: IFAC-PapersOnLine, ISSN 2405-8963, Bd. 52 (2019), 15, S. 313-318

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.693
Hofmann, Martin; Mecholdt, Stephan; Mohr, Markus; Holz, Mathias; Dallorto, Stefano; Manske, Eberhard; Fecht, Hans-Jörg; Rangelow, Ivo W.
Nanoscale lift-off process using field emission scanning probe lithography. - In: Journal of vacuum science & technology, ISSN 2166-2754, Bd. 37 (2019), 6, S. 061803-1-061803-6

https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5122272
Holz, Mathias; Reuter, Christoph; Reum, Alexander; Ahmad, Ahmad; Hofmann, Martin; Ivanov, Tzvetan; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Stauffenberg, Jaqueline; Manske, Eberhard; Du, C.; Zhou, X. Q.; Okamoto, Naoshi; Takashima, Alon Nobuteru; Lee, Ho-Se
High throughput AFM inspection system with parallel active cantilevers. - In: Photomask Technology 2019, (2019), S. 111481E-1-111481E-10

Atomic Force Microscopes are capable to provide non-destructive high resolution, CD-metrology and precise defect analysis. However, a conventional AFM has not enough throughput for today's large scale semiconductor manufacturing. The primary point remains the increase of the scanning area in case of large wafers, masks, displays or dies. Cantilever array-based AFMs are intended to increase the imaging throughput by parallelizing the work of many AFM probes that may be practiced by parallel AFM systems that are capable to operate autonomously. An active cantilever scheme makes it possible to sense electronically the deflection and individually to control the actuation of every cantilever in the array. Each cantilever in the array represents a self-sustaining AFM-hardware system for metrology and imaging. In that, the multiple parallel probes are forming many AFMs capable to work independently.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2537009
Lachmann, Martin; Stark, Tilman; Golz, Martin; Manske, Eberhard
Evaluation of deep autoencoders for prediction of adjustment points in the mass production of sensors. - In: Machine learning for cyber physical systems, (2019), S. 9-16

Germanow, Philipp; Mehring, Patrick; Neumann, Herbert; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Mammen, Helge
Vergleichende Betrachtung verschiedener Methoden zur Bestimmung der Inhomogenität von Thermoelementen. - In: 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019, (2019), S. 621-626

https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/P1.16
Kirchner, Johannes; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Gerhardt, Uwe; Sasiuk, Taras; Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Hofmann, Martin; Kühnel, Michael; Sinzinger, Stefan; Manske, Eberhard
Fasergekoppelter konfokaler Sensor zur exakten Abstandsregelung für maskenlose Lithografieanwendungen. - In: 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019, (2019), S. 610-616

Maskenlose Fotolithografie findet auch abseits der Halbleitertechnik hohe und immer weiterwachsende Bedeutsamkeit [1, 2]. Als dauerhaftes und wesentliches Entwicklungsziel hat sich die Vergrößerung der Packungsdichte der Mikro- bzw. Nanostrukturen herausgestellt. Dazu ist es nötig die angewendeten Lithografieprozesse zu optimieren und die Strukturen mit sehr hoher Präzision und einer sehr guten Reproduzierbarkeit zu fertigen. Eine Form der maskenlosen Lithografie wird durch Direct-Laser-Writing (DLW) beschrieben [3]. Bei diesem Prozess ist die Strukturbreite von der Fokussierbarkeit und der axialen Ausrichtung des verwendeten Fabrikationslasers abhängig. Um die Präzision dieser Lithografieanwendung und der zu entwickelnden Strukturgeometrie zu erhöhen, wird eine Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschine (NPMM) zur relativen Ausrichtung der beschichteten Probe zum Laserstrahl verwendet [4]. Ein neuentwickelter chromatisch-konfokaler Sensor scannt dafür die Topographie der Probenoberfläche und regelt den Maschinenhub so nach, dass der Polymerisationsprozess stets in der Brennebene des Fabrikationslasers stattfindet.



https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/P1.14
Bai, Huitian; Rogge, Norbert; Rothleitner, Christian; Fröhlich, Thomas
Model based correction of motion deviations in the Planck-Balance. - In: 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019, (2019), S. 554-560

https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/6.4.5
Lin, Shan; Rothleitner, Christian; Rogge, Norbert
Investigations on the sine fitting algorithm in the Planck-Balance. - In: 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019, (2019), S. 547-553

https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/6.4.4
Oertel, Erik; Ullmann, Vinzenz; Manske, Eberhard
Absolut messender Winkelsensor auf Basis optischer Interferometrie. - In: 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019, (2019), S. 147-152

Zur absoluten, hochauflösenden Winkelmessung reflektierender Oberflächen werden nach dem derzeitigen Stand der Technik Autokollimationsfernrohre eingesetzt. Die mit diesem Prinzip erreichbaren Eigenschaften in Bezug auf die Sensorgröße, Auflösung und Messunsicherheit sind für Anwendungen mit hohen Anforderungen nicht mehr ausreichend. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein neuartiges Verfahren zur absoluten Winkelmessung entwickelt. Es basiert auf einem Kösters-Prisma und optischer Interferometrie. Das Interferenzsignal wird über eine CMOS-Matrix erfasst und durch einen Algorithmus ausgewertet. Als Signal für die Winkellage dient die Neigung und Streifenbreite der Interferenzstreifen. Bei ersten messtechnischen Untersuchungen konnte mit diesem Verfahren bereits eine Auflösung von unter 5 nrad und ein Messbereich von mehr als 5 mrad erreicht werden. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages wird das neue Sensorkonzept vorgestellt. Das beinhaltet den optischen Sensoraufbau, die Strategie zur Signalauswertung und erste messtechnische Untersuchungen.



https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/2.2.3
Hagedorn, Stefan; Räth, Timo; Birli, Oliver; Sattler, Kai-Uwe
Processing large raster and vector data in apache spark. - In: Datenbanksysteme für Business, Technologie und Web, (2019), S. 551-554

https://doi.org/10.18420/btw2019-43
Kirchner, Johannes; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Gerhardt, Uwe; Fern, Florian; Schienbein, Ralf; Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Hofmann, Martin; Sasiuk, Taras; Sinzinger, Stefan; Manske, Eberhard
Applications of a fiber coupled chromatic confocal sensor in nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines :
Anwendungen eines fasergekoppelten chromatisch konfokalen Sensors in Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 86 (2019), S. S17-S21

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0041
Pufke, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Influences on the measurement with pipe clamp thermometers :
Einflussfaktoren auf die Messung mit Rohranlegethermometern. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 86 (2019), S. S67-S71

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0033
Fern, Florian; Schienbein, Ralf; Füßl, Roland; Theska, René; Kühnel, Michael; Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Manske, Eberhard
In situ error measurement of serial rotational devices for the application in nano coordinate measuring machines :
In-situ-Messung von Bewegungsabweichungen serieller Rotationsachsen zur Anwendung in Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 86 (2019), S. S77-S81

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0040
Schienbein, Ralf; Fern, Florian; Theska, René; Füßl, Roland
On the development and qualification of multiaxial designs of nanofabrication machines with ultra precision tool rotations. - In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2019), insges. 2 S.

The majority of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines (NPMMs) are based on three independent linear movements in a Cartesian coordinate system with a repeatability in the nanometer range. This in combination with the specific nature of sensors and tools limits the addressable part geometries. This article contributes to the enhancement of multiaxial machine structures by the implementation of rotational movements while keeping the precision untouched. A parameter based dynamic evaluation system with quantifiable technological parameters has been set up and employed to identify general solution concepts and adequate substructures. It further on contains data based on comprehensive design catalogues, uncertainty calculations and CAD-model based footprint analysis for specific setups. First evaluations show high potential for sample scanning mode variants considering linear movements of the object in combination with angular movements of the tool, considering a goniometer setup in specific. Based on this, positioning systems for the tool rotation of a NPMM were selected and the positioning properties of different arrangements were determined in test series using autocollimators. General properties of the influence of the arrangement were derived. The arrangement of the substructures which fulfils the previous given requirements is integrated into the NPMM and investigated for long-term stability using a retroreflector as a tool and various laser interferometers. The influence of the additional positioning systems on the existing structure of NPMMs are investigated and solutions for the optimization of the overall system with regard to reproducibility and long-term stability are developed. For this purpose, comprehensive FEA simulations are carried out and structural adjustments are derived via topology optimizations. After all, the knowledge gained is formed into general rules for the verification and optimization of design solutions for multiaxial nanopositioning machines.



Darnieder, Maximilian; Pabst, Markus; Fröhlich, Thomas; Zentner, Lena; Theska, René
Mechanical properties of an adjustable weighing cell. - In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2019), S. 86-89

Darnieder, Maximilian; Fröhlich, Thomas; Theska, René
Tilt sensitivity modeling of a monolithic weighing cell structure. - In: Interdisciplinary applications of kinematics, (2019), S. 257-264

Theska, René; Zentner, Lena; Fröhlich, Thomas; Weber, Christian; Manske, Eberhard; Linß, Sebastian; Gräser, Philipp; Harfensteller, Felix; Darnieder, Maximilian; Kühnel, Michael
Compliant mechanisms for ultra-precise applications. - In: Interdisciplinary applications of kinematics, (2019), S. 249-256

This paper reports about enhanced compliant mechanisms with flexure hinge based on new analytic and/or FEM models that have been manufactured by state of the art wire EDM technology. Experimental proofs at test benches, equipped with ultra-precise interferometer based length and angular measurement systems, show first time the residual deviation to the intended path of motion with a resolution of nanometers/arc seconds. Theoretically determined and measured data are in good correlation. Repeatability limitations are rather more given by the residual noise of the overall test arrangement and mainly not by the mechanism itself.



Manske, Eberhard; Fröhlich, Thomas; Füßl, Roland; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Blumröder, Ulrike; Köchert, Paul; Birli, Oliver; Ortlepp, Ingo; Pruß, Christof; Schwesinger, Folker; Meister, Andreas
Scale spanning subnanometer metrology up to ten decades. - In: Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection XI, (2019), S. 110560L-1-110560L-7

Nanometre accuracy and resolution metrology over large areas is becoming more and more a necessity for the progress of precision and especially for nano manufacturing. In recent years, the TU Ilmenau has succeeded in developing the scientific-technical basics of new ultra-high precision, so called nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. In further development of the first 25 mm machine, known as NMM-1 from SIOS Meßtechnik GmbH, we have developed and built new machines having measuring ranges of 200 mm x 200 mm x 25 mm at a resolution of 20 pm and enable measuring reproducibility of up to 80 pm. This means a relative resolution of 10 decades. The enormous accuracy is only made possible by the consistent application of error-minimum measurement principles, highly accurate interferometric measurement technology in combination with highly developed measurement signal processing and comprehensive error correction algorithms. The probing of the measurement objects can optionally be carried out with the aid of precision optical, interference-optical, tactile or atomic force sensors. A complex 3D measurement uncertainty model is used for error analysis. The high performance could be demonstrated as an example in step height measurements with a reproducibility of only 73 pm. The achieved resolution of 10-10 also presents new challenges for the frequency stability of the He-Ne lasers used. Here, the approach of direct coupling of the lasers to a phase-stabilized optical frequency comb synchronized with an atomic clock is pursued. The frequency stability is thus limited by the relative stability of the RFreference to better than 4×10-12 (1s).



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526076
Belkner, Johannes; Liu, Hsiu-Wen; Manske, Eberhard; Chen, Liang-Chia
Novel chromatic confocal differential interference contrast prototype. - In: Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection XI, (2019), S. 1105611-1-1105611-9

By combining classic differential interference contrast (DIC) with the chromatic confocal principle, we show that phaseshifting calibration can be avoided in DIC by using spectral information induced by the investigated sample. The created spectral fringe can be further used to unwrap the phase. This unwrapping is limited by the spectral resolution of the spectrometer. Therefore, the depth-difference around a single measurement point can be determined instantaneously. To reconstruct the depth profile, the integration of a depth-gradient is necessary. By combining the depth information of the chromatic confocal carrier signal with the differential depth information of the carried DIC signal, the accumulation of measurement uncertainty can be reduced. To our best knowledge, the proposed chromatic confocal differential interference contrast (CCDIC) is a novel profile reconstruction principle. To verify the feasibility of the CCDIC, a prototype probe with an adjustable shear and phase has been developed. Preliminary experiments achieve sub-micrometer depth resolution. A current challenge requiring further work is the stable unwrapping of the phase-difference by spectral frequencies. Keywords: chromatic confocal, differential interference contrast, unwrapping, industrial metrology



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2527854
Bischoff, Jörg; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Granet, Gerard; Manske, Eberhard
Model based laser focus scanning - the path towards improved lateral accuracy. - In: Modeling Aspects in Optical Metrology VII, (2019), S. 110570F-1-110570F-12

In principal, optical measurement methods suffer from physical limits related to finite wavelengths and diffraction. In laser focus scanning, vertical resolutions below 1 nm can be achieved while the lateral accuracy is more or less restricted by the diameter of the focused laser beam, i.e. values of half the wavelength can be reached in the best case. We present a model based approach having the potential to show a way out of this limitation. It is based on the rigorous modeling of the complete measurement device including sophisticated ray tracing in combination with Maxwell based modeling of the sample diffraction and scattering providing a simulated signal for an assumed sample profile. Furthermore, the sample profile is parametrized on the basis of a priori information. The simulated signal is then iteratively compared with the measured signal while updating the floating parameters of the model in order to improve the match between the two signals. Eventually, the improved sample profile obtained in this way is considered to represent the real sample profile as soon as a certain goodness of fit is achieved. On the other hand, the profile model has to be changed in case there is no satisfying fit. In this way, the lateral accuracy can be increased considerably. Edge detection errors below a few tens nanometer or even below 10 nm become possible while measuring with visible light. This is demonstrated by first comparisons of modeled and measured signals and validation by alternative metrology techniques.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2525319
Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Hofmann, Martin; Kirchner, Johannes; Supreeti, Shraddha; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Sinzinger, Stefan; Manske, Eberhard
Micro- and nanofabrication technologies using the nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection XI, (2019), S. 1105637-1-1105637-13

To keep up with Moore's law in future, the critical dimensions of device features must further decrease in size. Thus, the nano-electronics and nano-optics manufacturing is based on the ongoing development of the lithography and encompasses also some unconventional methods. In this context, we use the Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine (NPMM) to generate features in resist layers by means of Direct Laser Writing (DLW),1 Field Emission Scanning Probe Lithography (FE-SPL)2 and Soft UV-Nanoimprint Lithography (Soft UV-NIL)3 with highest accuracy. The NPMM was collaboratively developed by TU Ilmenau and SIOS Meßtechnik GmbH.4 The tool provides a large positioning volume of 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm with a positioning resolution of 0.1 nm and a repeatability of less than 0.3 nm over the full range. Previously a single electron transistor (SET) working at room temperature generated by FE-SPL has been demonstrated.5 However, the throughput is limited because of the serial writing scheme making Tennant's law (At R5 ) valid.6 Here, At is the areal throughput and R the lithographic resolution. Thus, patterning of the whole NPMM positioning area by FE-SPL is very time consuming. In order to address this problem, different strategies and/or combinations are conceivable. In this work a so-called Mix-and-Match lithography is conducted. A fast generation of structures in the sub-micron range is possible by means of DLW. By this, features such as electrical wires, contact patches for bonding or labels are generated in resist. Subsequently, we use FE-SPL in order to define the actual nano-scaled features for quantum or single electron devices. In combination, DLW and FE-SPL are maskless lithography strategies, hence, offering completely novel opportunities for rapid nanoscale prototyping of largescale resist patterns. An explanation of this technique is given in a previous publication.7 Furthermore, after reactive ion etching, the sample can be used as template for Soft UV-NIL, thus resulting in a high-throughput process chain for future quantum and/or single electron devices.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528136
Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Kirchner, Johannes; Hofmann, Martin; Kühnel, Michael; Reinhardt, Carsten; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Manske, Eberhard
Laser-microfabrication with accurate positioning and metrological traceability. - In: Advanced Fabrication Technologies for Micro/Nano Optics and Photonics XII, (2019), Seite 109300L-1-109300L-8

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2508248
Kirchner, Johannes; Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Gerhardt, Uwe; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Kühnel, Michael; Sinzinger, Stefan; Manske, Eberhard
A combined laser scanning and DLW tool for measuring and fabrication tasks with NPMM. - In: Advanced Fabrication Technologies for Micro/Nano Optics and Photonics XII, (2019), S. 1093017-1-1093017-6

In view of the increasing demands on precision optics, microelectronics and precision mechanics nanoscale structuring processes are of great interest. It is becoming more and more important to apply a large number of structures that are as small as possible to ever larger areas with high reliability and to increase the number of structures per area element (packing density). The straightness and uniformity of these structures, as well as the positioning accuracy during the fabrication of such narrow lines and points are at the center of the increase of the packing density. A further decisive role is played by the development of suitable sensors and tools for the production and measurement of these structures. The development and the combination of a new laser based probe for the measurement and a direct laser writing (DLW) tool for the creation of sub-micro structures forms the core of this topic. The new sensor is based on a confocal measuring principle. A fiber coupling is used to avoid thermal influences. At the same time, the fiber end itself serves as a confocal pinhole. For the process tool, comprehensive investigations of laser and resist parameters are necessary. The first results are shown. These two parts are investigated separately and combined at the end of the work. In order to achieve the necessary positioning accuracy, the tool is integrated into the Nanopositioning and Measurement Machine (NPMM).



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2508263
Manske, Eberhard;
Nanofabrication in extended areas on the basis of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Novel Patterning Technologies for Semiconductors, MEMS/NEMS, and MOEMS 2019, (2019), S. 109580P-1-109580P-9

Alternative lithography approaches, especially pattering technologies are in advance since several years. Every day new, more or less high localized, AFM-tip based structuring methods as well as new optical and e-beam methods become acquainted. Most of them are sequential single-point procedures. The local interaction reaches from 150 nm up to sub-10 nm. Especially tip based methods are developed on the basis of atomic force microscopes AFM. Therefore, the ranges, which can be structured, are only in the range of 2 [my]m x 2 [my]m up to 100 [my]m x 100 [my]m. In most cases it is not known or not verified if those new tip based techniques are suitable for larger ranges and areas. Even the stages and control algorithms of AFM's are not optimized for defined, high dynamic and as well high stable scanning trajectories in the nanometre respectively in the sub-nanometre level.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2514009
Supreeti, Shraddha; Kirchner, Johannes; Hofmann, Martin; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Manske, Eberhard; Hoffmann, Martin; Sinzinger, Stefan
Integrated soft UV-nanoimprint lithography in a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine for accurate positioning of stamp to substrate. - In: Novel Patterning Technologies for Semiconductors, MEMS/NEMS, and MOEMS 2019, (2019), S. 1095819-1-1095819-7

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2514832
Soares Oliveira, Rafael; Machado, Renato R.; Lepikson, Herman; Fröhlich, Thomas; Theska, René
A method for the evaluation of the response of torque transducers to dynamic load profiles. - In: Acta IMEKO, ISSN 2221-870X, Bd. 8 (2019), 1, S. 13-18

http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v8i1.654
Brethauer, Andreas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Engels, Elmar; Krummeck, Stefan
Android-App zur Nutzung von numerischen Verfahren in der Temperaturmesstechnik. - In: Tagungsband AALE 2018, (2018), S. 337-346

Schienbein, Ralf; Fern, Florian; Jorda, David; Theska, René; Füßl, Roland
On the design of long range multiaxial nanofabrication machines based on Cartesian nanopositioning systems with additional ultra precision rotations. - In: 33rd ASPE Annual Meeting, ISBN 978-1-887706-77-3, (2018), S. 527-532

As result of a comprehensive literature survey, the majority of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines (NPMMs) are based on three independent linear movements in a Cartesian coordinate system with a repeatability in the nanometer range. This in combination with the specific nature of sensors and tools (further on summarized as tool) limits the addressable part geometries. Depending on the tool in use, spherical and aspherical geometries as well as free-form surfaces cannot be measured or only to a certain limit. This article contributes to the enhancement of multiaxial machine structures by the implementation of rotational movements while keeping the precision untouched. A systematic parameter based dynamic evaluation approach was developed for the creation and selection of adequate machine structures for multiaxial nanopositioning systems (DOF>3). To support the selection, detailed parameter sets are generated containing explicit moving ranges, uncertainties, resolutions, reproducibilities and costs. The parameter sets are further detailed with derived characteristics such as deformations, vibrations or thermal influences due to the additional rotations based on FEA-models and verified experimental data. This approach is also applied to the rotation of the sample. The results are compared to those of the tool rotation and mixed versions. After all, the knowledge gained, is formed into general rules for the verification and optimization of design solutions for multiaxial nanopositioning machines. Out of these investigations, a rotation of the tool is a favourable solution. Kinematics with a high degree of fulfilment consider a common instantaneous center of rotation in the tool center point (T). Compared to a fixed tool position this leads to shifting deviations of (T) due to deformations of the frame depending on the actual mass distribution. In addition, deviations of (T) are caused by vibrations and thermal influences of the positioning system. The strict separation of the force frame and the metrology frame, thermal shielding and direct measuring systems for the deviation of (T) can compensate the effects that are dependent on the selected overall structure and positioning system.



Fern, Florian; Füßl, Roland; Schienbein, Ralf; Theska, René
Ultra precise motion error measurement of rotation kinematics for the integration in nanomeasuring and nanofabrication machines. - In: 33rd ASPE Annual Meeting, ISBN 978-1-887706-77-3, (2018), S. 122-126

The semiconductor industry has been done an incomparable progress during the last 60 years. With the ongoing reduction of the structure size by new fabrication techniques the nanomeasurement systems have also increased their performance [1]. Besides this development the measurement and fabrication of freeform surfaces, aspheric lenses or high aspect ratio structures are still highly challenging. There are different commercial and scientific approaches to measure on freeform surfaces [2, 3, 4, 5].



Marangoni, Rafael R.; Schleichert, Jan; Fröhlich, Thomas
Multicomponent force/torque sensor with integrated calibration system. - In: Sensors and Measuring Systems, (2018), S. 189-192

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8436165
Fern, Florian; Füßl, Roland; Schienbein, Ralf; Theska, René
Influence of additional rotational movements on the measurement uncertainty of nanomeasuring, nanopositioning and nanofabrication machines. - In: Sensors and Measuring Systems, (2018), S. 168-171

The measurement of freeform surfaces, aspheric lenses or the sidewall roughness of high aspect ratio structures are a current challenge in nanometrology. There are different publications and commercial products with approaches to perform a measurement of those quantities [1, 2, 3, 4]. Beside the nanomeasurement the nanofabrication on curved freeform surfaces is an upcoming trend. The measurement or the fabrication on a freeform surface is limited by the possible tilt angle between the tools working axis and the local surface normal. To achieve larger angles and a minimal measurement uncertainty the tool must be placed optimal to the local surface. According to those requirements, concepts are developed to increase the degree of freedom in positioning. The x-y-z translational positioning system of an nanomeasuring machine (NMM-1) with a working volume of 25×25×5mm^3 [5] will be extended by additional rotational movements. The rotation can be achieved by three basic principles of motion which are the rotation of the sample, of the tool or a combination of the tool and the sample rotation. In a first step the principles of motion are described by their bare geometrical properties and decoupled from real positioning systems. A constant instantaneous centre of motion in the sensor measurement point is determined as the optimal principle for a rotational system. This principle is further investigated and is made concrete by choosing a combination of kinematics [6]. A vectorial approach based on the GUM [7] is used to evaluate the influence of the axes error motion on the measurement result. The method and the results for a combination of a rotary table and a goniometer axis are described in detail.



https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8436163
Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard; Füßl, Roland
Dynamic sensor positioning in large measuring volumes by an inverse kinematic concept. - In: Journal of physics, ISSN 1742-6596, Bd. 1065 (2018), 14, 142009, insges. 4 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1065/14/142009
Günther, Ludwig; Rothleitner, Christian; Schleichert, Jan; Rogge, Norbert; Vasilyan, Suren; Härtig, Frank; Fröhlich, Thomas
The Planck-Balance - primary mass metrology for industrial applications. - In: Journal of physics, ISSN 1742-6596, Bd. 1065 (2018), 4, 042021, insges. 4 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1065/4/042021
Hofmann, Martin; Lenk, Claudia; Ivanov, Tzvetan; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Reum, Alexander; Ahmad, Ahmad; Holz, Mathias; Manske, Eberhard
Field emission from diamond nanotips for scanning probe lithography. - In: Journal of vacuum science & technology, ISSN 2166-2754, Bd. 36 (2018), 6, 06JL02, insges. 6 S.

https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5048193
Dannberg, Oliver; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Nanonewton force measurements based on electromagnetic force compensated balances (EMFC). - In: CPEM 2018, ISBN 978-1-5386-0974-3, (2018), insges. 2 S.

https://doi.org/10.1109/CPEM.2018.8501174
Marangoni, Rafael R.; Schleichert, Jan; Fröhlich, Thomas
Multicomponent force and torque measurement in the new SI. - In: CPEM 2018, ISBN 978-1-5386-0974-3, (2018), insges. 2 S.

https://doi.org/10.1109/CPEM.2018.8500809
Rothleitner, Christian; Schleichert, Jan; Vasilyan, Suren; Rogge, Norbert; Günther, Ludwig; Hilbrunner, Falko; Rahneberg, Ilko; Knopf, Dorothea; Fröhlich, Thomas; Härtig, Frank
First results using the Planck-Balance. - In: CPEM 2018, ISBN 978-1-5386-0974-3, (2018), insges. 2 S.

https://doi.org/10.1109/CPEM.2018.8500904
Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas; Füßl, Roland; Hoffmann, Martin; Manske, Eberhard; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Reger, Johann; Schäffel, Christoph; Sinzinger, Stefan; Zöllner, Jens-Peter
Towards alternative 3D nanofabrication in macroscopic working volumes. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 29 (2018), 11, S. 114002, insges. 19 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aadb57
Marin, Sebastian; Fröhlich, Thomas
Approach to determining the uncertainty and predictive capability of a FEM simulation model of a small multiple fixed-point cell for calibration of contact thermometers :
Ansatz zur Bestimmung der Unsicherheit und Prognosefähigkeit eines FEM-Simulationsmodells einer kleinen Mehrfachfixpunktzelle für Kalibrierung von Berührungsthermometern. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 85 (2018), S. S86-S94

Die Definition und Variation von Eingangsparametern eines Modells erlaubt nach einer Stichprobenberechnung die Auswertung von verteilten Ausgangsparametern. Sie werden als Reproduzierbarkeit dieser Berechnung angesehen. Für ein thermisches FEM-Modell einer kleinen Mehrfachfixpunktzelle für die Kalibrierung von Berührungsthermometern wird nach dieser Prozedur und nach einem Vergleich (Validierung) mit der Reproduzierbarkeit experimentell ermittelter Ergebnisse mittels einer Validierungsmetrik ein Vertrauensintervall berechnet, in dem Prognosen mit dem Modell an einer nicht validierten Stelle durchgeführt werden könnten. Dieser Ansatz wird in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2018-0027
Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Rangelow, Ivo W.
Heterodynes Stehende-Welle-Interferometer :
Heterodyne standing-wave interferometer. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 85 (2018), S. S80-S85

This manuscript describes a novel standingwave arrangement with two laser sources of different wavelengths, emitting towards each other. The resulting standing wave has a continuously moving intensity profile, a thin, transparent photo sensor is inserted into. When the sensor is moved along the optical axis a frequency shift, proportional to the velocity, occurs. This frequency shift can be evaluated for the purpose of interferometric length measurements.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2018-0017
Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Interferometric atomic force microscope: design, metrological properties and application measurements :
Interferometrisches Rasterkraftmikroskop: Aufbau, messtechnische Eigenschaften und Applikationsmessungen. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 85 (2018), S. S52-S58

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die besonderen Merkmale, die Funktionsweise, den Aufbau, die messtechnischen Eigenschaften sowie wichtige Applikationsmessungen des interferometrischen Rasterkraftmikroskops dar. Das interferometrische Rasterkraftmikroskop dient als Antastsystem in der Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschine NMM-1. Sein Hauptmerkmal ist der Lagedetektor - das kombinierte Sondenmesssystem, das die gleichzeitige Erfassung der Torsion, Biegung und Position des Cantilevers mittels Lichtzeiger und Interferometer ermöglicht. Es wird das Prinzip der gleichzeitigen Erfassung von Position und Winkellage der Sonde mittels eines Interferometers und eines Lichtzeigers erläutert, die optische Anordnung vorgestellt und anschließend die durchgeführte Dimensionierung des Lagedetektors diskutiert. Außerdem widmet sich dieser Beitrag neben den messtechnischen Eigenschaften des interferometrischen Rasterkraftmikroskops auch der Kalibrierung des Antastsystems und insbesondere der Unsicherheitsanalyse einer Beispielmessung.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2018-0023
Calvel, Bertrand; Cabeza, Isabel; Cabral, Alexander; Manske, Eberhard; Rebordao, Jose; Sesselmann, Rainer; Sodnik, Zoran; Verlaan, Ad
High-precision optical metrology for Darwin: design and performance. - In: International Conference on Space Optics - ICSO 2004, (2018), S. 105682N-1-105682N-8

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2500126
Köchert, Paul; Blumröder, Ulrike; Manske, Eberhard
Ultrastable metrology laser at 633 nm using an optical frequency comb. - In: Optical Micro- and Nanometrology VII, (2018), 106780S, insges. 12 S.

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2306907
Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Mammen, Helge; Schalles, Marc; Krummeck, Stefan
Bilateraler Vergleich der Messunsicherheit bei der Ermittlung dynamischer Kennwerte von Berührungsthermometern in Fluiden. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2018), S. 276-279

Mammen, Helge; Fröhlich, Thomas; Augustin, Silke
Prüfeinrichtung zur Untersuchung des dynamischen Verhaltens von Berührungsthermometern in Wasser. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2018), S. 273-275

Schalles, Marc; Vrdoljak, Pavo
Kalibrierung von Thermometern in situ im Prozess. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme, (2018), S. 219-222

Shih, Hung-Ta; Tung, Pi-Cheng; Wang, Yung-Cheng; Shyu, Lih-Horng; Chang, Chung-Ping; Manske, Eberhard; Lee, Bean-Yin; Lin, Jui-Cheng
Measurement module based on a common-path Fabry-Perot interferometer for determining three-degree-of-freedom motion parameters. - In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2018), S. 115-116

Yan, Na; Kühnel, Michael; Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas
Torsion balance-based system for high-precision force measurement in horizontal plane: part I : development concept. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 29 (2018), 8, S. 084001, insges. 12 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aaba1f
Schienbein, Ralf; Weigert, Florian; Fern, Florian; Theska, René; Füßl, Roland
The implementation of ultra precision rotations to multiaxial nanofabrication machines: challenges and solution concepts. - In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2018), S. 65-66

Existing long-range nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines are based on three independent linear movements in a Cartesian coordinate system. This in combination with the specific nature of sensors and tools (further on summarized as tool) limits the addressable part geometries. This article contributes to the enhancement of multiaxial machine structures by the implementation of rotational movements while keeping the precision untouched. A parameter based dynamic evaluation system with quantifiable technological parameters has been set up and employed to identify general solution concepts and adequate substructures. First evaluations show high potential for sample scanning mode variants considering linear movements of the object in combination with angular movements of the tool, considering a goniometer setup in specific. The evaluation system is further enhanced by the implementation of data based on comprehensive design catalogues, uncertainty calculations and CAD-model based footprint analysis for specific setups. To support the selection, detailed parameter sets are generated containing explicit moving ranges, uncertainties, resolutions, reproducibilities and costs. This approach is also applied to the rotation of the object. The results are compared to the tool rotation and mixed versions. After all, the knowledge gained, is formed into general rules for the verification and optimization of design solutions for multiaxial nanopositioning machines.



Sternkopf, Christian; Manske, Eberhard
Digital frequency offset-locked He-Ne laser system with high beat frequency stability, narrow optical linewidth and optical fibre output. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 29 (2018), 6, S. 064013, insges. 13 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aab987
Rothleitner, Christian; Schleichert, Jan; Rogge, Norbert; Günther, Ludwig; Vasilyan, Suren; Hilbrunner, Falko; Knopf, Dorothea; Fröhlich, Thomas; Härtig, Frank
The Planck-Balance - using a fixed value of the Planck constant to calibrate E1/E2-weights. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 29 (2018), 7, S. 074003, insges. 9 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aabc9e
Theska, René; Zentner, Lena; Fröhlich, Thomas; Weber, Christian; Manske, Eberhard; Linß, Sebastian; Gräser, Philipp; Harfensteller, Felix; Darnieder, Maximilian; Kühnel, Michael
State of the art precision motion systems based on compliant mechanisms. - In: The 4th International Conference Mechanical Engineering in XXI Century, (2018), S. 3-8

Ullmann, Vinzenz; Oertel, Erik; Manske, Eberhard
High-precision angle sensor based on a Köster's prism with absolute zero-point. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 29 (2018), 6, S. 064006, insges. 12 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aab252
Weichert, Christoph; Köchert, Paul; Schötka, Eugen; Flügge, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
Investigation into the limitations of straightness interferometers using a multisensor-based error separation method. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 29 (2018), 6, S. 064001, insges. 14 S.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aab7e3
Rangelow, Ivo W.; Lenk, Claudia; Hofmann, Martin; Lenk, Steve; Ivanov, Tzvetan; Ahmad, Ahmad; Kästner, Marcus; Guliyev, Elshad; Reuter, Christoph; Budden, Matthias; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Holz, Mathias; Reum, Alexander; Durrani, Zahid; Jones, Mervyn; Aydogan, Cemal; Bicer, Mahmut; Alaca, B. Erdem; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard
Field-emission scanning probe lithography with self-actuating and self-sensing cantilevers for devices with single digit nanometer dimensions. - In: Novel Patterning Technologies 2018, (2018), 1058406, 13 Seiten

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2299955
Osten, Wolfgang; Haist, Tobias; Manske, Eberhard
How to drive an optical measurement system to outstanding performance?. - In: Ultra-High-Definition Imaging Systems, (2018), 105570Q, insges. 15 S.

In the context of measurement technology, optical methods have a number of unique features. These features include in particular the non-contact and high speed interaction with the object under test, the largely free scalability of the dimension of the probing tool, the high resolution of the data, the diversity of information channels in the light field, and the flexible adaptability of the comparative standard - the wavelength. On the other hand the user is confronted with a number of serious challenges. Two of the biggest challenges that currently attract high attention in both the technical as well as life sciences, relate to exceeding the physical limits of resolution and to improve the precision of the measurement. Therefore optical measurement methods are subject to constant improvement. The characteristics that give rise to improve the performance of the systems are obviously dependent on the purpose of the measurement and the object under test. But there are also general features that can be used to assess the performance of a measurement system. Here we refer to the spatial and temporal resolution, the area related resolution, the precision and trueness of the results, the robustness, the degree of automation, the process capability and the ability to work as close as possible to the process. In this contribution we describe the current challenges for measurement systems. Based on this we discuss general and application dependent features for the assessment of modern optical measurement systems. Afterwards, we describe measures to assess and to improve their performance. Finally, we show an advanced optical measurement system where several of these features were considered with regard to ensuring a high performance.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2300856
Mohr-Weidenfeller, Laura; Schienbein, Ralf; Kirchner, Johannes; Reinhardt, Carsten; Manske, Eberhard
Development of laser positioning system of high accuracy in the nanometer range. - In: Advanced Fabrication Technologies for Micro/Nano Optics and Photonics XI, (2018), 105440E, insges. 7 S.

Direct Laser Writing techniques like two-photon-polymerization or UV-lithography have become common tools for the micro- and nanofabrication of precise devices like photonic crystals. A decrease in the size of structures of special devices requires a significant better resolution of the laser beam system that can be determined by using different photoinitiators or a second depletion laser for STED-lithography. However, besides the optical limits for the resolution of the laser system due to diffraction effects, the positioning systems for the laser beam or the sample stage lead to further imprecisenesses. To benefit from the high resolution techniques for the structuring process, the need for highly accurate positioning systems has dramatically grown during the last years. A combination of lithographic techniques with a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine NMM-1, developed at the TU Ilmenau, enables high precision structuring capability in an extended range. The large positioning volume of 25mm x 25mm x 5mm with a resolution in the sub-nanometer range is a good condition for ultra precision manufacturing with large area 3D-Laser-Lithography. Advantages and disadvantages as well as further developments of the NMM-1 system will be discussed related to current developments in the laser beam and nanopositioning system optimization. Part of the further development is an analysis of the implementability of additional ultra precise rotational systems in the NMM-1 for the unlimited addressability perpendicular to the surface of a hemisphere as key strategy for multiaxial nanopositioning and nanofabrication systems.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312704
Uber, Carsten; Shekhar, Rajiv; Essmann, Stefan; Gerlach, Udo; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas
Methods for temperature determination of electrical discharges generated by opening contacts in explosive gas mixtures :
Methoden der Temperaturbestimmung von elektrischen Entladungen bei Öffnungs-Kontaktvorgängen in zündfähigen Gasen. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 85 (2018), 1, S. 56-64

Für elektrische Entladungen, die bei niedrigen Spannungen von 20-40V und Strömen von 40-100mA nach der Öffnung eines elektrischen Kontaktes in explosiven Atmosphären auftreten, wurden erste spektroskopische Untersuchungen hinsichtlich der dabei entstehenden Temperatur durchgeführt. Diese Metalldampf-Entladungen, die ähnlich dem "kurzen Bogen" (short arc) sind, werden im international standardisierten Funkenprüfgerät gemäß IEC 60079-11 erzeugt, um die Eignung elektrischer Komponenten in explosionsgeschützten Bereichen zu beurteilen. - Die Temperatur ist bei diesen komplexen Zündvorgängen, die im Funkenprüfgerät auftreten, ein Schlüsselparameter. Einerseits ist die Temperatur der Kontaktmaterialien für die Beurteilung der zwingend erforderlichen Vorprozesse vor der Hauptentladung relevant, andererseits kann die Wirkung der Entladung durch die Elektronen-, Ionen und Gastemperatur charakterisiert werden. Dieser Artikel beschreibt den aktuellen Stand zur Temperaturmessung dieser elektrischen Entladungen, einschließlich der Herausforderungen, die dem genaueren Verständnis dieser Entladungsvorgänge und des thermochemischen Zündprozesses dienen sollen. Für Entladungen mit 30V und 100mA unter den genannten Rahmenbedingungen wurden Anregungstemperaturen im Bereich von 3500-5000K gemessen und berechnet.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0082
Schüler, Ralf; Mammen, Helge; Mengs, Enrico; Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
Schnelle Lufttemperaturfühler zur Anwendung in der Präzisionsmesstechnik und Maschinenkalibrierung. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 85 (2018), 1, S. 70-75

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0103
Kühnel, Michael; Fern, Florian; Fröhlich, Thomas
Neuartiges monolithisches Tiltmeter mit Nanorad Auflösung :
Novel monolithic pendulum tiltmeter with nanorad resolution. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 85 (2018), 4, S. 244-251

Tiltmeters with nanorad resolution in a large measurement range of ±9 mrad (±0.5&ring;) and a very good linearity have been developed at the Technische Universität Ilmenau in the recent years. The working principle bases on the measurement of tilt-dependent lateral forces, which act on a hanging force-compensated weigh cell (precision balance). The disadvantage is the relatively complex design of the weigh cell mechanics, the large dead weight and the high manufacturing costs. - For that reason a simplified tiltmeter was developed. It only consists of two components: a monolithic pendulum mechanics and an optical position sensor. State of the art pendulum tiltmeters contain several components that are linked by screwed, clamped or glued connections. This can limit the long-term-, temperature- or humidity stability of the tiltmeter. - The position sensor achieves a standard deviation of ˜50 pm at a measuring frequency of 10 Hz. The length of the pendulum amounts to 0.1 m, its mass is ˜62 g. With this combination, the theoretical standard deviation of the tilt measurement should result to ˜0.6 nrad at 10 Hz measuring frequency and was approved by measurements. The measurement range of the new monolithic tiltmeter amounts ˜±2 mrad.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0097
Xie, Weichang; Hagemeier, Sebastian; Bischoff, Jörg; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Manske, Eberhard; Lehmann, Peter
Transfer characteristics of optical profilers with respect to rectangular edge and step height measurement. - In: Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection X, (2017), Seite 1032916-1-1032916-16

Optical profilers are mature instruments used in research and industry to study surface topography features. Although the corresponding standards are based on simple step height measurements, in practical applications these instruments are often used to study the fidelity of surface topography. In this context it is well-known that in certain situations a surface profile obtained by an optical profiler will differ from the real profile. With respect to practical applications such deviations often occur in the vicinity of steep walls and in cases of high aspect ratio. In this contribution we compare the transfer characteristics of different 3D optical profiler principles, namely white-light interferometry, focus sensing, and confocal microscopy. Experimental results demonstrate that the transfer characteristics do not only depend on the parameters of the optical measurement system (e. g. wavelength and coherence of light, numerical aperture, evaluated signal feature, polarization) but also on the properties of the measuring object such as step height, aspect ratio, material properties and homogeneity, rounding and steepness of the edges, surface roughness. As a result, typical artefacts such as batwings occur for certain parameter combinations, particularly at certain height-to-wavelength ratio (HWR) values. Understanding of the mechanisms behind these phenomena enables to reduce them by an appropriate parameter adaption. However, it is not only the edge artefacts, but also the position of an edge that may be changed due to the properties of the measuring object. In order to investigate the relevant effects theoretically, several models are introduced. These are based on either an extension of Richards-Wolf modeling or rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA). Although these models explain the experimental effects quite well they suffer from different limitations, so that a quantitative correspondence of theoretical modeling and experimental results is hard to achieve. Nevertheless, these models are used to study the characteristics of the measured signals occurring at edges of different step height compared to signals occurring at plateaus. Moreover, a special calibration sample with continuous step height variation was developed to reduce the impact of unknown sample properties. We analyzed the signals in both, the spatial and the spatial frequency domain, and found systematic signal changes that will be discussed. As a consequence, these simulations will help to interpret measurement results appropriately and to improve them by proper parameter settings and calibration and finally to increase the edge detection accuracy.



https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2270185
Meß, Torsten; Ullmann, Vinzenz; Manske, Eberhard
Ganzheitliche Erfassung von Gewinden als Antwort auf gesteigerte Messunsicherheitsanforderungen. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen und Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis, (2017), S. 207-215

Marin, Sebastian; Fröhlich, Thomas
Vergleich von FEM-Simulations- und Messergebnissen unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Unsicherheiten : am praktischen Beispiel des Modells einer Fixpunktzelle zur Kalibrierung von Berührungsthermometern. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen und Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis, (2017), S. 123-138

Eine praktische Durchführung, realisiert mit kommerzieller Software, zur Ermittlung der Unsicherheit einer numerischen thermischen Simulation mit FEM wird in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt. Hintergrund davon ist die Prognosefähigkeit dieses FEM-Modells anhand seiner Validierung mit Messungen unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Reproduzierbarkeiten zu Berechnen und daraus die Güte oder Wahrscheinlichkeit der Übereinstimmung von Mess- und Simulationsergebnissen unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Unsicherheiten in drei unterschiedlichen Szenarien zu finden, mit unbekannten Messergebnissen, mit bekannten Messergebnissen und nicht vollständig bekannten Randbedingungen und mit bekannte sowohl Messergebnissen als auch Randbedingungen. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse wird mit einer Erweiterung der Area-Metrik Methode gemacht.



Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Neues miniaturisiertes und monolithisches Tiltmeter mit Nanorad Auflösung. - In: 77. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, (2017), S1.1-001, Seite 148-149

Das Ziel der vorgestellten Arbeiten ist die Entwicklung eines temperatur- und langzeitstabilen, einfach zu handhabenden und zu niedrigen Kosten herstellbaren Tiltmeters mit der Auflösung von 1 nrad. Neigungsmessungen mit Nanorad Auflösung sind in der Geophysik weit verbreitet. Sie sind aber auch in anderen Bereichen von Wissenschaft und Technik wie der hochpräzisen Kraftmess- und Wägetechnik von Bedeutung. In den vergangen Jahren wurden an der TU Ilmenau Tiltmeter mit Nanorad Auflösung entwickelt. Diese Tiltmeter basierten auf der Messung von neigungsbedingten Querkräften, die auf hängend gelagerte Präzisionswägezellen wirken. Der Vorteil dieses Messprinzips sind der sehr große Messbereich von ± 9 mrad (± 0,5&ring;) und die sehr gute Linearität. Der Nachteil ist die vergleichsweise große Komplexität der Mechanik, das hohe Eigengewicht und die hohen Herstellkosten. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein vereinfachtes Tiltmeter entwickelt, welches nur aus zwei Bauteilen besteht: einer monolithischen Pendelmechanik und einem optischen Wegsensor. Die monolithische Pendelmechanik ist durch ein Festkörpergelenk realisiert. Das Kerbgelenk besitzt eine minimale Dicke von 50 [my]m womit sich eine Drehfedersteifigkeit des Gelenks von ct = 7 &hahog; 10-3 Nm/rad ergibt. Mit dem optischen Wegsensor wird eine Standardabweichung der Wegmessung von ˜ 50 pm bei einer Messfrequenz von 10 Hz erreicht. Die Pendellänge beträgt 0,1 m, die Masse des Pendels ˜ 60 g. Damit kann eine theoretische Standardabweichung der Neigungsmessung von ˜ 0,6 nrad bei 10 Hz Messfrequenz erreicht werden. Durch die natürlich vorhandenen Neigungen und Querbeschleunigungen ist diese Standardabweichung mit dem Tiltmeter nicht erreichbar. Am Aufstellort an der TU Ilmenau wurde eine Standardabweichung bei 0,1 s Integrationszeit von ca. 11 nrad erreicht. Diese konnte bei Integrationszeiten von > 30 s auf < 1,5 nrad reduziert werden. Der Messbereich des neuen monolithischen Tiltmeters beträgt ˜ ± 2 mrad. Weitere Messungen, insbesondere der Langzeitstabilität sind geplant und werden unter anderem in Moxa durchgeführt werden.



Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas; Popadic, Radovan; Brand, Uwe
National comparison of spring constant measurements of atomic force microscope cantilevers. - In: Measurement facing new challenges, (2017), S. 222-227

This paper illustrates a comparison of spring constant measurements between Technische Universität Ilmenau (TU Ilmenau) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). For the traceable comparison, an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever with a nominal stiffness of 40 N/m was chosen as the transfer artefact. The determined spring constants differ less than 1 %. The measurement uncertainty was ≤ 4 % (k = 2) and hence conforms to the state of the art of AFM cantilever spring constant measurements. The main uncertainty contribution is due to the cantilever itself (simple bending beam) rather than to the measurement of force and deformation.



Marangoni, Rafael R.; Schleichert, Jan; Rahneberg, Ilko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Static and dynamic identification of multi-component force and torque sensors. - In: Measurement facing new challenges, (2017), S. 77-80

Yan, Na; Vasilyan, Suren; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Investigation to the tilt sensitivity of the Lorentz force velocimetry system for the flow rate measurement of low conducting fluids. - In: Measurement facing new challenges, (2017), S. 343-346

Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Neues miniaturisiertes monolithisches Tiltmeter mit Nanorad Auflösung. - In: Tagungsband der 5. Tagung Innovation Messtechnik, (2017), S. 24-28

In den vergangen Jahren wurden an der TU Ilmenau Referenzneigungsmesssysteme (Tiltmeter) mit Nanorad Auflösung, einem sehr großen Messbereich von ± 9 mrad (± 0,5&ring;) und sehr guter Linearität entwickelt. Diese Referenztiltmeter basieren auf der Messung von Neigungsbedingten Querkräften, die auf hängend gelagerten Präzisionswägezellen wirken. Deren Nachteil ist die vergleichsweise große Komplexität der Mechanik, das hohe Eigengewicht und die hohen Herstellkosten. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein vereinfachtes Tiltmeter entwickelt, welches nur aus zwei Bauteilen besteht: einer monolithischen Pendelmechanik und einem optischen Wegsensor. Mit dem Wegsensor wird eine Standardabweichung der Wegmessung von ˜ 50 pm bei einer Messfrequenz von 10 Hz erreicht. Die Pendellänge beträgt 0,1 m, die Masse des Pendels ˜ 60 g. Damit kann eine theoretische Standardabweichung der Neigungsmessung von ˜ 0,6 nrad bei 10 Hz Messfrequenz erreicht werden. Der Messbereich des neuen monolithischen Tiltmeters beträgt ˜ ± 2 mrad.



Schalles, Marc; Hohmann, Michael
Einsatz von Monte-Carlo-Methoden zur Bestimmung der Kennlinienunsicherheit : Anwendung auf die Berechnung der Unsicherheit von Thermometerkennlinien. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen und Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis, (2017), S. 151-162

Vrdoljak, Pavo; Schalles, Marc
In situ single point calibration of thermometers by means of fix point cells :
In situ Einpunktkalibrierung von Thermometern mittels Fixpunkten. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen und Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis, (2017), S. 197-206

Schalles, Marc; Vrdoljak, Pavo
Kalibrierung von Thermometern in situ im Prozess. - Wunstorf, Germany : AMA Service GmbH. - 1 Online-Ressource (5 Seiten)Online-Ausgabe: 13. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2017 : 2017-12-04 - 2017-12-06, Hotel Elbflorenz, Dresden. - Wunstorf, Germany : AMA Service GmbH, 2017. - ISBN 978-3-9816876-5-1, S. 67-71

https://doi.org/10.5162/13dss2017/2.2
Schüler, Ralf; Dontsov, Denis; Mammen, Helge; Mengs, Enrico; Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
Schnelle Temperaturfühler zur Erfassung räumlicher Temperaturfelder in Luft. - In: Temperatur 2017, (2017), S. 183-188

Hohmann, Michael; Marin, Sebastian; Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
Validierung eines Blockkalibrator-Konzeptes mit integrierter Mehrfach-Fixpunktzelle und Wärmestromsensoren. - In: Temperatur 2017, (2017), S. 297-302

Schalles, Marc; Hohmann, Michael
Ermittlung der Unsicherheit von Thermometerkennlinien mittels Monte-Carlo-Simulation. - In: Temperatur 2017, (2017), S. 309-314

Pufke, Michael; Schalles, Marc
Aufbau und Erprobung eines Prüfstandes zum Vergleich von Rohranlegetemperaturfühlern. - In: Temperatur 2017, (2017), S. 189-194

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Aufbau eines Prüfstandes zum Vergleich von Rohranlegetemperaturfühlern im Messbereich von 100 &ring;C bis 150 &ring;C näher beschrieben und durch Messungen zur Kurz- und Langzeitstabilität sowie den Umgebungseinflüssen charakterisiert. Weiterhin erfolgt der Vergleich von 3 ausgewählten kommerziellen Rohranlegefühlern.



Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Müller, Andreas; Balzer, Felix
Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine NPMM-200 - sub-nanometre resolution and highest accuracy in extended macroscopic working areas. - In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2017), S. 81-82

At the Technische Universität Ilmenau, a new Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine NPMM 200 with a measuring range of 200 mm × 200 mm × 25 mm and a resolution of 0.02 nm has been developed. In order to achieve both highest nanometre accuracy and largest three-dimensional working space, an extended three-dimensional Abbe comparator principle is applied. The object to be measured is placed on a special mirror plate whose position in all six degrees of freedom is measured by high-precision multi-axis fibre-coupled laser interferometers. By means of an advanced closed-loop control tilt errors induced by the guiding systems can be minimized up to interferometric level. This paper presents the metrological concept, the realized design, the conditioning of environmental parameters as well as some first measuring results.



Oliveira, Rafael; Lepikson, Herman; Theska, René; Fröhlich, Thomas
Evaluation of the principle for generating reference inertial torques for the dynamic calibration of torque transducers. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 11 S.

Brethauer, Andreas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Engels, Elmar
Comparison between different resistance thermometers at low immersion depths based on their heat conduction error :
Vergleich von unterschiedlichen Widerstandsthermometern bei niedrigen Eintauchtiefen bezüglich ihres Wärmeableitfehlers. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 84 (2017), 12, S. 755-768

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen auf den Wärmeableitfehler eines Widerstandsthermometers beim Variieren der Eintauchtiefe in ein zu messendes Medium und der Füllhöhe einer Wärmeleitpaste im Schutzrohr. Dabei werden zudem unterschiedliche Bauformen von Widerstandsthermometern in Bezug auf ihren Wärmeableitfehler bei niedrigen Eintauchtiefen verglichen und Messergebnisse mit theoretischen Modellen sowie FEM-Simulation verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass Füllhöhe und Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Wärmeleitpaste je nach Aufgabenstellung gewählt werden sollten. Gerade bei niedrigen Eintauchtiefen ist eine Anpassung der Füllhöhe an Sensorhöhe und Eintauchtiefe notwendig. Es kristallisiert sich zudem heraus, dass für eine genaue Vorhersage des Wärmeableitfehlers die FEM-Simulation der Modellrechnung überlegen ist. Auch wird die Bedeutung einer guten thermischen Kopplung des Sensors an das Medium und einer thermischen Entkopplung des Sensors von der anders temperierten Umgebung deutlich.



https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0060
Goj, Boris; Bohm, Sebastian; Dittrich, Lars; Dressler, Lothar; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas; Hoffmann, Martin
MEMS-basiertes Tensiometer zur Messung der Oberflächenspannung. - In: MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2017 "MEMS, Mikroelektronik, Systeme", (2017), S. 472-475

Köchert, Paul; Köning, Rainer; Weichert, Christoph; Flügge, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
The new positioning system at the PTB's nanometer comparator :
Das neue Antriebskonzept am Nanometerkomparator der PTB. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 84 (2017), S. S13-S21

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0047
Vasilyan, Suren; Schleichert, Jan; Fröhlich, Thomas
1-Achs-Kraftmesssystem für Präzisionskraftmessungen in horizontaler Ebene mit 20 nN Auflösung :
A setup for single axis precision force measurements in horizontal plane by 20 nN resolution. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 84 (2017), S. S22-S28

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0036
Dannberg, Oliver; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Unsicherheitsbeiträge der Krafteinleitung bei der Kalibrierung der Federkonstanten von AFM Cantilevern. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 2 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-097:4
Wenig, Ronny; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Konstruktive Gestaltung des optimierten Positionier- und Kraftmesssystems der TU Ilmenau zur Kalibrierung von Federkonstanten von Mikrokraftsensoren. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 2 S.

An der TU Ilmenau wurde ein Prototyp eines neuartigen Positionier- und Kraftmesssystems entwickelt, welches die rückführbare Kalibrierung der Federkonstanten (Kraft-Weg-Kennlinie) von Mikrokraftsensoren, Tastern oder AFM Cantilevern auf Basis einer Kraft und einer Wegmessung erlaubt. Aufgrund der integrierten interferometrischen Auslenkungsmessung der Cantilever, sind die mit der Messeinrichtung erreichten Messunsicherheiten mit < 2 % geringer als bisher im Stand der Technik beschrieben. Gemeinsame Vergleichsmessungen mit der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) haben dies bestätigt. In Kooperation mit der PTB, die langjährige Erfahrung auf dem Gebiet der Cantileverkalibrierung besitzt, wurde die Messeinrichtung weiter optimiert. Dabei wurde der weiteren Reduzierung von Unsicherheitsbeiträgen der Wegmessung besondere Beachtung geschenkt. Des Weiteren erfolgten Optimierungen, die es möglich machen, ein noch breiteres Spektrum an Sensoren kalibrieren zu können.



http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-095:8
Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Neues hochauflösendes, miniaturisiertes und monolithisches Tiltmeter der TU Ilmenau. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 2 S.

Der Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Tiltmeters zur hochpräzisen Neigungsmessung. Die Auflösung liegt bei < 1 nrad wobei der Messbereich ±2 mrad beträgt. Mit einem Tiltmeter wird der Winkel zwischen dem Vektor der Erdbeschleunigung (Lotrichtung) und dem Normalenvektor der zu messenden Ebene bestimmt (Neigungsmessung). Neigungsmessungen mit Nanorad Auflösung sind unter anderem im Bereich der Geophysik, Geodäsie und der Präzisions-Kraftmess- und Wägetechnik von Bedeutung. Im Stand der Technik sind verschieden Prinzipe zur Neigungsmessung beschrieben. Die bekanntesten verwenden mechanische Pendel, Gasblasen oder Flüssigkeitshorizonte als Neigungsreferenz. Hochauflösende miniaturisierte Pendel-Tiltmeter mit kapazitiver Wegmessung werden von der Firma Lippmann Geophysikalische Messgeräte (LGM) produziert und erreichen Auflösungen von 1 nrad in Messbereichen von 0,5 - 2 mrad. Ein Nachteil ist, dass diese aus vergleichsweise vielen Bauteilen mit entsprechend vielen Klemm-, Klebe- und Schraubverbindungen bestehen. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein vereinfachtes Tiltmeter entwickelt, welches nur aus zwei Bauteilen besteht: einer monolithischen Pendelmechanik und einem optischen Wegsensor. Mit dem Wegsensor wird eine Standardabweichung der Wegmessung von ˜ 50 pm bei einer Messfrequenz von 10 Hz erreicht. Die Pendellänge beträgt 0,1 m, die Masse des Pendels ˜ 60 g. Die damit theoretisch erreichbare Standardabweichung der Neigungsmessung von ˜ 0,6 nrad bei 10 Hz Bandbreite wurde in Messungen mit dem neuen Tiltmeter nachgewiesen. Der Messbereich des neuen monolithischen Tiltmeters beträgt ˜ ± 2 mrad. Durch die monolithische Bauweise wird eine sehr hohe Langzeitstabilität sowie eine reproduzierbare und einfache Fertigung und Justage angestrebt.



http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-091:7
Darnieder, Maximilian; Theska, René; Fröhlich, Thomas; Pabst, Markus; Wenig, Ronny; Hilbrunner, Falko
Design of high-precision weighing cells based on static analysis. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 10 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-067:6
Fröhlich, Thomas; Oleskiv, Olha; Mykytyn, I.
Problems of metrological verification of software for modern measuring instruments. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 7 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-136:3
Stadnyk, Bohdan; Fröhlich, Thomas; Khoma, Yuriy; Herasymenko, Veronika; Chaban, Olesia
Impedance analyser error correction using artificial neural networks. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 8 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-051:3
Lippmann, Lutz; Irrgang, Klaus; Hohmann, Michael; Pufke, Michael
High accuracy temperature measurement and monitoring of flow parameters using a multifunctional temperature probe. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 12 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-019:7
Marangoni, Rafael R.; Schleichert, Jan; Rahneberg, Ilko; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas
A self-calibrating multicomponent force/torque measuring system. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 8 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-081:5
Yan, Na; Kühnel, Michael; Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas
Calibration of the torsion force measurement system for the Lorentz force velocietry application. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 7 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-082:3
Rogge, Norbert; Schleichert, Jan; Rothleitner, Christian
Investigations on motion deviations of an EMFC balance. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 10 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-068:4
Günther, Ludwig; Rothleitner, Christian; Schleichert, Jan; Härtig, Frank
The virtual weight. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 8 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-062:8
Schleichert, Jan; Vasilyan, Suren; Günther, Ludwig
Magnet system for the Planck-balance. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 10 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-076:6
Rothleitner, Christian; Schleichert, Jan; Günther, Ludwig; Vasilyan, Suren; Rogge, Norbert; Knopf, Dorothea; Fröhlich, Thomas; Härtig, Frank
The Planck-Balance - a self-calibrating precision balance for industrial applications. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-026:8
Dannberg, Oliver; Ortlepp, Ingo; Manske, Eberhard
FPGA-based signal processing of a heterodyne interferometer. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 13 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-117:6
Ullmann, Vinzenz; Meß, Torsten; Wenzel, Kay; Machleidt, Torsten; Manske, Eberhard
A new approach for holistic thread profile determination supported by optical focus variation measurements. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-040:7
Weichert, Christoph; Köchert, Paul; Schötka, Eugen; Flügge, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
A straightness measuring interferometer characterised with different wedge prisms. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 15 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-002:2
Gorges, Stephan; Leistritz, Bianca; Hesse, Steffen; Ortlepp, Ingo; Slotta, Georg; Schäffel, Christoph
Development of an integrated guiding and actuation element for high dynamic nanopositioning systems. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), insges. 7 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2017iwk-077:4
Schüler, Ralf; Rahneberg, Ilko; Mammen, Helge; Mengs, Enrico; Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
PT-100 air temperature sensor with enhanced dynamic properties. - In: Engineering for a changing world, (2017), S. 33-34

Ullmann, Vinzenz; Manske, Eberhard
Kompakter Nullpunkt-Winkelsensor auf Basis eines Kösters-Prismas. - In: DGaO-Proceedings, ISSN 1614-8436, Bd. 118 (2017), P27, insges. 2 S.

Die Laser- und Weißlichtinterferometrie kommt in der Mikro- und Nanomesstechnik zumeist bei der Erfassung von Topologien, Längen- oder Höhenmaßen zur Anwendung. Zur Reduzierung der Messunsicherheiten müssen jedoch auch kleinste Winkelabweichungen erfasst werden, die bei einer Messung als systematischer Fehler in das Messergebnis eingehen. In der Praxis wird für die Erfassung oder Ausregelung der Winkellagen von bewegten Objekten zumeist das Autokollimationsprinzip verwendet, da es kontaktlos arbeitet. Eine Alternative dazu stellt die Kombination aus Kösters-Interferometer und divergent abstrahlender Weißlichtquelle dar. Eine Verkippung des für Referenz- und Messstrahl gemeinsamen Spiegels führt zu einer Drehung der Weißlicht-Interferenzstreifen, deren Drehwinkel mit einer Kamera erfasst und über eine Bildverarbeitung ausgewertet wird. Am Institut für Prozessmess- und Sensortechnik der TU Ilmenau wurde der optische Effekt der Streifendrehung und seine abhängigen Parameter mit Hinblick auf die praktische Anwendung in der 3D-Mikro- und Nanomesstechnik untersucht und charakterisiert.



https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0287-2017-P027-7
Bischoff, Jörg; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Manske, Eberhard
Numerical investigations of the potential for laser focus sensors in micrometrology. - In: Modeling Aspects in Optical Metrology VI, ISBN 978-1-5106-1105-4, (2017), 103300N, insges. 9 S.

Laser focus sensors (LFS)^1 attached to a scanning nano-positioning and measuring machine (NPMM) enable near diffraction limit resolution with very large measuring areas up to 200 x 200 mm^1. Further extensions are planned to address wafer sizes of 8 inch and beyond. Thus, they are preferably suited for micro-metrology on large wafers. On the other hand, the minimum lateral features in state-of-the-art semiconductor industry are as small as a few nanometer and therefore far beyond the resolution limits of classical optics. New techniques such as OCD or ODP^3,4 a.k.a. as scatterometry have helped to overcome these constraints considerably. However, scatterometry relies on regular patterns and therefore, the measurements have to be performed on special reference gratings or boxes rather than in-die. Consequently, there is a gap between measurement and the actual structure of interest which becomes more and more an issues with shrinking feature sizes. On the other hand, near-field approaches would also allow to extent the resolution limit greatly^5 but they require very challenging controls to keep the working distance small enough to stay within the near field zone. Therefore, the feasibility and the limits of a LFS scanner system have been investigated theoretically. Based on simulations of laser focus sensor scanning across simple topographies, it was found that there is potential to overcome the diffraction limitations to some extent by means of vicinity interference effects caused by the optical interaction of adjacent topography features. We think that it might be well possible to reconstruct the diffracting profile by means of rigorous diffraction simulation based on a thorough model of the laser focus sensor optics in combination with topography diffraction^6 in a similar way as applied in OCD. The difference lies in the kind of signal itself which has to be modeled. While standard OCD is based on spectra, LFS utilizes height scan signals. Simulation results are presented for different types of topographies (dense vs. sparse, regular vs. single) with lateral features near and beyond the classical resolution limit. Moreover, the influence of topography height on the detectability is investigated. To this end, several sensor principles and polarization setups are considered such as a dual color pin hole sensor and a Foucault knife sensor. It is shown that resolution beyond the Abbe or Rayleigh limit is possible even with "classical" optical setups when combining measurements with sophisticated profile retrieval techniques and some a-priori knowledge. Finally, measurement uncertainties are derived based on perturbation simulations according to the method presented in 7.



Darnieder, Maximilian; Marangoni, Rafael R.; Theska, René; Fröhlich, Thomas; Rahneberg, Ilko
Contribution to the mechanical enhancement of load cells in precision weighing technology by means of advanced adjustment strategies. - In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2017), S. 411-412

The accuracy of force measurement systems is predominantly influenced by its stiffness towards deflection. Monolithic mechanical systems in precision weighing technology rely on ultrathin flexure hinges. Further stiffness reduction by a decrease of the minimum hinge thickness is unfavourable. Consequently, the present concept relies on compensation rather than a reduction of the stiffness. Based on precise adjustments, the system state is altered towards an astatic state. Hereby, the overall stiffness and the tilt sensitivity is reduced. These properties have been determined as major contributions to the measurement error. The results of the theoretical investigations form a basis for future experiments and a further improvement of load cells.



Ortlepp, Ingo; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Albrecht, Arne; Manske, Eberhard
Pico litre volume measurement with a laser focus sensor on the nano measuring machine NMM-1. - In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2017), S. 399-400

A novel approach of measuring small volumes is made in our project. The goal is to utilise the Nano Measuring Machine NMM 1 in combination with a laser focus sensor to determine the volume of small water droplets. The droplet surface is scanned by the focus sensor with picometre resolution. Based on the shape of the scan lines, the actual volume of the droplet can be calculated. However, due to the small distance between the water surface and the glass carrier, the laser focus sensor signal was distorted by undesired reflections from the glass carrier the droplets are deposited on. To reduce these undesired reflections, the BK7 carrier was anti-reflection coated. When a SiO2 layer of appropriate thickness is deposited on the carrier, the reflectance at the water-glass interface can be considerably lowered. This drastically improves the sensor signal, thus enables the correct measurement of the droplets' shapes and hence the calculation of their volume.



Schleichert, Jan; Rahneberg, Ilko; Marangoni, Rafael R.; Fröhlich, Thomas
Kalibrierung und Unsicherheitsanalyse für Mehrkomponenten Kraft-/Drehmomentmessungen :
Calibration and uncertainty analysis for multicomponent force/torque measurements. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 84 (2017), 2, S. 130-136

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2016-0048
Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydrich, Marius
Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit dynamischer Kennwerte von Berührungsthermometern in strömender Luft. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 84 (2017), 2, S. 73-82

https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2016-0055
Hohmann, Michael; Marin, Sebastian; Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
Dry block calibrator with improved temperature field and integrated fixed-point cells. - In: International journal of thermophysics, ISSN 1572-9567, Bd. 38 (2017), 2, Article 17, insges. 10 S.

To reduce uncertainty of calibrations of contact thermometers using dry block calibrators, a concept was developed at Institute for Process Measurement and Sensor Technology of Technische Universität Ilmenau. This concept uses a multi-zone heating, heat flux sensors and a multiple fixed-point cell. The paper shows the concept and its validation on the basis of a dry block calibrator with a working temperature range of 70 &ring;C to 430 &ring;C. The experimental results show a stability of ±4mK for the reference temperature and axial temperature differences in the normalization block less than ±55mK.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2155-9
Marin, Sebastian; Hohmann, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Small multiple fixed-point cell as calibration reference for a dry block calibrator. - In: International journal of thermophysics, ISSN 1572-9567, Bd. 38 (2017), 2, Article 24, insges. 12 S.

A small multiple fixed-point cell (SMFPC) was designed to be used as in situ calibration reference of the internal temperature sensor of a dry block calibrator, which would allow its traceable calibration to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) in the operating range of the block calibrator from 70 &ring;C to 430 &ring;C. The ITS-90 knows in this temperature range, three fixed-point materials (FPM) indium, tin and zinc, with their respective fixed-point temperatures ([theta]FP), In ([theta]FP = 156.5985 &ring;C), Sn ([theta]FP = 231.928 &ring;C) and Zn ([theta]FP = 419.527 &ring;C). All of these FPM are contained in the SMFPC in a separate chamber, respectively. This paper shows the result of temperature measurements carried out in the cell within a period of 16 months. The test setup used here has thermal properties similar to the dry block calibrator. The aim was to verify the metrological properties and functionality of the SMFPC for the proposed application.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-016-2148-8
Rogge, Norbert; Weiß, Heiko; Kaiser, Irina; Amthor, Arvid; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Design of digital controllers for electromagnetic force compensated balances focused on the disturbance transfer function. - In: Measurement accuracy and the impact on society, (2016), insges. 10 S.

The main objective of the paper is to propose a new possible design process for controllers in electromagnetic force compensated balances (EMFC). Controllers used in EMFC balances demand a high precision of the measured and generated electrical quantities. Regarding to the achievable uncertainty in static measurements, EMFC balances are state of the art, but in future applications the importance of dynamic applications will probably increase. Therefore the controlled system should possess a high measurement bandwidth to reduce the measurement time in dynamic applications. A design process will be presented, which is strongly focused on the disturbance transfer function of the control loop. Based on the consideration of these additional system characteristics in the controller design process, the measurement time of the balance is reduced significantly compared to conventional PID controllers.



Köchert, Paul; Köning, Rainer; Weichert, Christoph; Flügge, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
FPGA-basierte Lageregelung zur ultra-präzisen Positionierung im Sub-Nanometerbereich. - In: Virtuelle Instrumente in der Praxis 2016, ISBN 978-3-8007-4208-0, (2016), S. 68-72

Schleichert, Jan; Fröhlich, Thomas; Manske, Eberhard
Sechskomponenten Kraft- und Drehmomentmesssystem mit elektromagnetischer Kompensation und Lagerung. - In: XXX. Messtechnisches Symposium, Hannover, 15. – 16. September 2016, (2016), S. 9-18

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110494297-003
Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Manske, Eberhard
Scanning strategies for long term and long distance AFM measurements. - In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, ISBN 978-0-9566790-8-6, (2016), P1.60, insges. 2 S.

Köchert, Paul; Weichert, Christoph; Strube, Sebastian; Köning, Rainer; Flügge, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
A fully-fibre coupled interferometer system for displacement and angle metrology. - In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, ISBN 978-0-9566790-8-6, (2016), O1.4, insges. 2 S.

Hohmann, Michael; Marin, Sebastian; Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
Blockkalibrator mit reduzierten axialen Temperaturgradienten und integrierter Mehrfach-Fixpunktzelle. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2016, ISBN 978-3-9816876-0-6, (2016), S. 633-637

Ortlepp, Ingo; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Ivanov, Tzvetan; Hofer, Manuel; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Manske, Eberhard
Miniatur-Stehende-Welle-Interferometer auf Basis schneller, transparenter Photodioden. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2016, ISBN 978-3-9816876-0-6, (2016), S. 418-424

Um den Anforderungen an die Miniaturisierung von Messsystemen Rechnung zu tragen, wurde an der TU Ilmenau ein neuartiges Interferometer auf Grundlage von optischen stehenden Wellen entwickelt. Das Interferometerprinzip erlaubt einen einfachen, linearen und kompakten Interferometeraufbau. Die für das zu Grunde liegende Prinzip erforderlichen dünnen, transparenten Photodioden können durch den Einsatz von Standard-Halbleitertechnologien unkompliziert in großen Stückzahlen hergestellt werden. Im Folgenden werden das Funktionsprinzip des Interferometers, die Herstellung der Photodioden sowie die durchgeführten messtechnischen Untersuchungen dargelegt.



Garbers, Johannes; Gehrmann, Stephan; Fröhlich, Thomas; Augustin, Silke
Eindimensionale Sensormodellierung für die Fehlerkorrektur bei der Abgastemperaturmessung. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2016, ISBN 978-3-9816876-0-6, (2016), S. 64-71

Köchert, Paul; Köning, Rainer; Weichert, Christoph; Flügge, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
An upgraded data acquisition and drive system at the nanometer comparator. - In: Proceedings of the 5th ASPE Topical Meeting on Precision Interferometric Metrology, (2015), S. 61-66

Sternkopf, Christian; Gerhardt, Uwe; Manske, Eberhard
Fasergekoppelte Heterodyn-Interferometer mit digital-offsetfrequenzgeregelter He-Ne-Laserlichtquelle. - In: 7. Kolloquium Mikroproduktion, ISBN 978-3-00-050755-7, (2015), S. 158-164

Lustermann, Birgit; Viehmann, Matthias; Manske, Eberhard
Modeling of tubular optical fibers using the example of an optical-electrical combination conductor. - In: POF simulation beyond data transmission, ISBN 978-3-7392-1499-3, (2015), S. 71-75

The article deals with the modeling of tubular polymer optical fibers. These occur in the patented optical electrical conductor combination system as light-conducting wrapping of an electrical cord and serve as a novel tool for the detection of arc faults. The wrapping represents a tubular step index waveguide consisting of 3 polymer layers an inner and an outer cladding as well as a light guiding core layer. To optimize the properties of the fiber, in particular the layer thicknesses, the influence of damping mechanisms caused by bending, core-cladding surface roughness and volume scattering losses are investigated and put into a model which is simple and flexible to parameterize. In doing so, the most difficult part turns out to be the modeling of survace-scattering at the core-cladding interface. In this paper the developed model is described and corresponding results are shown using the example of a silicone-FEP material combination.



Rogge, Norbert; Hofmeister, Sven; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Optimization of silica gel beds for the use in humidity controller setups. - In: Proceedings, (2015), S. 257-261

The problem, discussed in this work, is the optimization of the silica gel temperature control. For fast temperature changes of the silica gel, a high density packed bed of silica gel would be necessary. But this would slow down the moisture transport in the silica gel bed due to the much faster transport in air, than on surfaces or in solid bodies. To predict the behavior of the humidity control system, simulations were performed to preselect promising silica gel bed geometries. In Simulation of the moisture transport the nonlinear sorption isotherms of the silica gel had to be taken into account, to represent the influence of dew point itself on the dynamics of changes in dew point temperature. The contribution deals with influences on the static and the dynamic performance of the humidity control system such as heater geometry, silica gel grain size and the microporous structure of the silica gel. Furthermore the characteristics of the test system have to be considered, to build up a model describing a humidity control system.



Augustin, Silke;
Einflüsse auf die Messunsicherheit bei der Bestimmung dynamischer Kennwerte von Berührungsthermometern. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen und Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis, (2015), S. 147-156

Bei der Messung mit Berührungsthermometern treten statische und dynamische thermische Messabweichungen auf. Der Wert und der zeitliche Verlauf dieser Abweichungen werden u.a. beeinflusst durch Wärmetransportvorgänge im Thermometer sowie des Thermometers mit der Umgebung und dem zu messenden Medium. Zusätzlich wirken sich die Abweichungen durch Einflussgrößen auf die primäre Abbildungsgröße der Temperatur (z.B. Widerstand, Thermospannung) und weitere Störgrößen in der Messkette auf den Messwert aus. Während die Messunsicherheit bei der Bestimmung der statisch-thermischen Messabweichung immer eine große Rolle gespielt hat, wird sie bei der Ermittlung der dynamischen Kennwerte kaum betrachtet. Im Beitrag werden die Einflussfaktoren, die sich auf die dynamischen Kennwerte der Berührungsthermometer auswirken, am Beispiel eines Widerstandsthermometers näher beleuchtet.



Schleichert, Jan; Rahneberg, Ilko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Kalibrierung und Messunsicherheitsbetrachtung bei Mehrkomponenten Kraft-/Drehmomentmessungen. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen und Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis, (2015), S. 119-132

In Forschung und Industrie kommt der Kraft- und Drehmomentmesstechnik eine wichtige Bedeutung zu [1, 2]. In vielen Anwendungen müssen Betrag, Richtung und zeitlicher Verlauf der zu messenden Vektoren von Kraft und Drehmoment erfasst werden, sodass der Einsatz von Mehrkomponentensensoren erforderlich ist. Trotz ihrer weiten Verbreitung in Forschung und Industrie gibt es keine offiziellen Kalibriervorschriften [3] und Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit für Mehrkomponentenmessungen von Kraft und Drehmoment. In vielen Bereichen werden zudem statisch kalibrierte Mehrkomponentensensoren für die Erfassung dynamischer Messgrößen eingesetzt [4], wodurch es im Bereich der Eigenfrequenz des Sensors und oberhalb davon zu erheblichen Messabweichungen kommt. Im Folgenden wird am Beispiel eines Sechskomponentensensors für Kraft und Drehmoment zunächst die statische Kalibrierung und ein Verfahren zur Messunsicherheitsanalyse für Mehrkomponenten Kraft-/Drehmomentmessungen im statischen Bereich vorgestellt und nachfolgend auf die dynamische Kalibrierung eingegangen. Basierend auf dem dynamischen Modell des Sensors werden Ansätze zur dynamischen Kalibrierung und Ermittlung der dynamischen Messunsicherheit diskutiert.



Kaiser, Irina; Fengler, Wolfgang; Fröhlich, Thomas
Metrologische Sicherheit eines Informationsverarbeitungssystems in der Messtechnik. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen und Prüfprozesse in der industriellen Praxis, (2015), S. 233-240

In der Präzisionsmesstechnik steht allgemein die Anforderung der schnellen Messung im Konflikt mit einem sehr hohen Auflösungsvermögen und einer sehr kleinen Messunsicherheit. Insbesondere eichfähige Messsysteme fordern die Einhaltung der entsprechenden Regularien, wie beispielsweise das Eichgesetz und die Richtlinien der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB). Derartige messtechnische Systeme benötigen für ihre Funktionen eine komplexe und hochleistungsfähige Informationsverarbeitung, die zertifiziert werden muss. Bei der systematischen Entwicklung von Messgeräten wird ein Nachweis benötigt, dass die geforderte Messunsicherheit des jeweiligen Verfahrens gewährleistet werden kann. Für diese Zwecke wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag eine zusätzliche und spezielle Anforderung an die metrologische Sicherheit formuliert. Die entwickelten Funktionen zur Unterstützung der metrologischen Sicherheit und die zusätzlichen Maßnahmen zur Manipulationssicherheit sollen die Eichfähigkeit sowie die Einhaltung der Standards, Vorschriften und Richtlinien bereits in den frühen Phasen des Entwicklungsprozesses sicherstellen.



Ortlepp, Ingo; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Ivanov, Tzvetan; Hofer, Manuel; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Manske, Eberhard
Ultrathin transparent photodetector for use in standing-wave interferometer. - In: Full papers, ISBN 978-80-01-05793-3, (2015), insges. 6 S.

A novel photodiode for application in a standing-wave interferometer was developed. The operation principle is based on the optical standing wave whose stationary intensity profile can be detected by a photosensor which - for this purpose - has to be transparent and thinner than the optical wavelength. The working principle and basic design requirements of the developed sensor are described, and the results of measurements inside and outside the standing wave are discussed.



Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Manske, Eberhard
Improvement in long term stability of the long range AFMs. - In: Full papers, ISBN 978-80-01-05793-3, (2015), insges. 6 S.

Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas
High-resolution force measurement systems: measuring horizontal directed forces for flow metering of low conductive media in channels. - In: Full papers, ISBN 978-80-01-05793-3, (2015), insges. 6 S.

Kühnel, Michael; Diethold, Christian; Diethold, Christian *1981-*; Fröhlich, Thomas;
Progress of the TU Ilmenau dual axis tiltmeter with nanorad resolution. - In: Full papers, ISBN 978-80-01-05793-3, (2015), insges. 6 S.

The progress of our tiltmeter, which bases on force compensating weigh cells (EMFC) is discussed in this paper. Currently a resolution of ˜ 1 nrad at a range of ± 9 mrad, a linearity of < 0.25*10-3 and a cross error of the axes of < ± 22 ppm is achieved. Long term measurements of earth tide related tilts demonstrate the ability to resolve tilts with very small frequencies (1 - 2 d-1). Prospectively it will be applied to measure and control tilting of measurement basements and tables.



Oliveira, Rafael S.; Lepikson, Herman A.; Fröhlich, Thomas; Theska, René; Duboc, Wagner A.
A new proposal for the dynamic test of torque transducers. - In: Full papers, ISBN 978-80-01-05793-3, (2015), insges. 4 S.

Diethold, Christian; Kühnel, Michael; Ivanov, Tzvetan; Rangelow, Ivo W.; Fröhlich, Thomas
Determination of AFM-cantilever spring constants using the TU Ilmenau force displacement measurement device. - In: Full papers, ISBN 978-80-01-05793-3, (2015), insges. 6 S.

This paper discusses the determination of spring constants of AFM-cantilevers using a force displacement measurement device based on electromagnetic force compensated (EMFC) load cells. The EMFC load cell was modified to utilize it as a combined displacement and force measurement device enabling the possibility to determine the spring constant of AFM-cantilevers with one sensor without the need of an additional displacement setting stage. The paper focuses on the determination of spring constants and the determination of the measurement uncertainty, which is down to 2.75 %.



Oliveira, Rafael; Claudino, Rafael; Kalid, Ricardo; Fröhlich, Thomas; Gusmão, L.; Lepikson, Herman
Estimate of the inertial torque in rotating shafts - a metrological approach to signal processing. - In: 3rd International Congress on Mechanical Metrology (CIMMEC 2014), (2015), 1, S. 012019, insges. 11 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/648/1/012019
Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas; Röser, Mathias; Flügge, Jens
Thermal decoupling of heat sources by means of PCM-shielding. - In: Proceedings, (2015), S. 500-504

Schleichert, Jan; Fröhlich, Thomas
Dynamic calibration of a multi-component force-/torque transducer. - In: Proceedings, (2015), S. 46-49

Multi-Component Force-/Torque Transducers are used in applications where the direction of the force- and torque vectors as well as their magnitude are unknown and time-dependent such as robotics, flow measurement or nondestructive testing. In contrast to the measurement task the calibration of those Sensors is only done statically in most cases. When the measurands are getting closer to the sensors resonance frequency, the usage of static calibration factors leads to deviations in the measurement. A dynamic calibration can be used to identify the frequency responses of the sensor and is the basis for designing an appropriate filter that compensates these deviations. In this paper the dynamic properties of a multi-component force-/torque transducer are investigated using a calibration system based on a voice-coil actuator which allows the application of force with different waveforms. The results of the measurements are compared with results of FEM calculations and results of a static calibration and a compensation filter is designed.



Fröhlich, Thomas; Hohmann, Michael; Schalles, Marc
Calibration bench for heat flux sensors. - In: Journal of thermoelectricity, ISSN 1607-8829, (2015), 1, S. 49-59

Gatzemeier, Benno; Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Sartorius susceptometer for precise measurement of susceptibility and magnetization of weights. - In: 5th International Metrology Conference 2014 (CAFMET 2014), ISBN 978-1-63439-598-4, (2015), S. 109-112

Hohmann, Michael; Marin, Sebastian; Schalles, Marc; Krapf, Gunter; Fröhlich, Thomas
Dry block calibrator using heat flux sensors and an adiabatic shield. - In: International journal of thermophysics, ISSN 1572-9567, Bd. 36 (2015), 8, S. 2085-2098

The main problems of conventional dry block calibrators are axial temperature gradients and calibration results which are strongly influenced by the geometry and the thermal properties of the thermometers under test.To overcome these disadvantages, a new dry block calibrator with improved homogeneity of the inner temperature fieldwas developed for temperatures in the range from room temperature up to 600 &ring;C. The inner part of the dry block calibrator is a cylindrical normalization block which is divided into three parts in the axial direction. Between these parts, heat flux sensors are placed to measure the heat flux in the axial direction inside the normalization block. Each part is attached to a separate tube-shaped heating zone of which the heating power can be controlled in a way that the axial heat flux measured by means of the heat flux sensors is zero. Additionally, an internal reference thermometer is used to control the absolute value of the temperature inside the normalization block. To minimize the radial heat flux, an adiabatic shield is constructed which is composed of a secondary heating zone that encloses the whole assembly. For rapid changes of the set point from high to low temperatures, the design contains an additional ventilation system to cool the normalization block. The present paper shows the operating principle as well as the results of the design process, in which numerical simulations based on the finite element method were used to evaluate and optimize the design of the dry block calibrator. The final optimized design can be used to build a prototype of the dry block calibrator.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-015-1943-y
Oliveira, Rafael S.; Fröhlich, Thomas; Lepikson, Herman A.; Winter, Simon; Theska, René
Uncertainty of measurement for the inertial torque estimation in angular acceleration ramps of rotating shafts. - In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2015), S. 165-166

Manske, Eberhard; Füßl, Roland; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Birli, Oliver; Jäger, Gerd
Ongoing trends in precision metrology, particularly in nanopositioning and nanomeasuring technology. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 82 (2015), 7/8, S. 359-366

http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2015-0011
Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas
Direct force compensation on Lorentz force flowmeters for electrolyte flow measurements. - In: 2015 IEEE/OES eleventh current, waves and turbulence measurement (CWTM), ISBN 978-1-4799-8419-0, (2015), insges. 7 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CWTM.2015.7098115
Fröhlich, Thomas; Augustin, Silke; Ament, Christoph
Temperature-dependent dynamic behavior of process temperature sensors. - In: International journal of thermophysics, ISSN 1572-9567, Bd. 36 (2015), 8, S. 2115-2123

For a number of applications in control and safety value monitoring, a profound knowledge of the dynamic behavior of process temperature sensors is of great importance. Sensor test procedures and model identification methods are state of the art for small temperature changes, i.e., steps. For wider temperature ranges, the temperature dependency of the material characteristics is significant, too. The resulting non-linearities limit the utilization of classical model concepts. In this paper, we introduce and solve a non-linear ordinary differential equation for the linear dependency of the material characteristic parameters, i.e., for the basic case of non-constant material parameters. The analytic solution will be explained, and the results are discussed and compared to a finite element method model of a basic cylinder.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-015-1869-4
Manske, Eberhard; Fröhlich, Thomas; Füßl, Roland
Measurement uncertainty consideration in the case of nonlinear models for precision length measurement. - In: 2014 Joint IMEKO TC1-TC7-TC13 Symposium: Measurement Science Behind Safety and Security, (2015), 012033, insges. 6 S.

The requirements on the precision lengths and precision load measurement rise due to the rapid technical development, in particular of nanotechnologies and precision optics. According to the roadmap "Dimensional metrology for micro- and nanotechnology" of the European National Metrology Institutes (iMERA)2 in the next few years "traceable 2D (3D) metrology at (sub)-nm accuracy over several 100 mm range" will be required.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/588/1/012033
Mastylo, Rostyslav; Fröhlich, Thomas; Manske, Eberhard
Versatile applications of laser focus probes in precision measurement technology. - In: 11th IMEKO TC14 Symposium on Laser Metrology for Precision Measurement and Inspection in Industry (LMPMI 2014), ISBN 978-1-63266-731-1, (2014), S. 29-34

Diethold, Christian; Vasilyan, Suren; Fröhlich, Thomas
Lorentz force velocimetry using electromagnetic force compensated load cells. - In: 22nd IMEKO TC3 International Conference on Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque 2014, ISBN 978-1-63266-728-1, (2014), S. 44-47

This paper discusses the flow rate measurement of poorly conducting fluids (such as electrolytes) using Lorentz force velocimetry (short: LFV). The Lorentz force caused by the moving electrolytes is in the range of micronewton. This tiny Lorentz force is determined using a high resolution force measurement systems based on electromagnetic force compensated (short: EMC) load cells. In this paper the force measurement system, the principle of LFV and the environmental influences on this kind of force measurement system are described.



Kühnel, Michael; Rivero, Michel; Diethold, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falk; Fröhlich, Thomas
Precise tiltmeter and inclinometer based on commercial force compensation weigh cells. - In: 22nd IMEKO TC3 International Conference on Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque 2014, ISBN 978-1-63266-728-1, (2014), S. 48-51

High precision measurements and monitoring of tilt or inclination are essential in the field of ultraprecise force and mass measurements. We present a new concept for high resolving tilt/ inclination measurements. Therefore a commercial electromagnetic force compensation (EMC) weigh cell is mounted in a hanging position and loaded with a defined weight. Thus the system conforms to a pendulum. By measuring the tilt depended deflection of the pendulum with the position sensor of the weigh cell we achieved a standard deviation of 7.1 nrad (3.4 nrad filtered) within a sampling time of 15 min. In future investigations we will compensate the deflection and take the compensation force as a measure for the tilt.



Blobel, Gernot; Wiegmann, Axel; Quabis, Susanne; Schulz, Michael; Müller, Andreas; Manske, Eberhard
Entwicklung von Normalen für die Charakterisierung von Asphären-Messgeräten. - In: DGaO-Proceedings, ISSN 1614-8436, Bd. 115.2014, A31, insges. 2 S.

Zur Charakterisierung optischer und taktiler Asphären-Messgeräte sind Oberflächen notwendig, deren Formen weitestgehend bekannt sind. Dazu werden zum einen Normale mit typischen asphärischen Oberflächenanteilen verwendet. Zur Charakterisierung wichtiger Eigenschaften der Messgeräte werden Normale mit zusätzlichen Formanteilen benötigt.



http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=25316
Schalles, Marc; Flügge, Jens; Köning, Rainer
Reduction of thermal effects on precise dimensional measurements. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 8 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-168:3
Rosenberger, Maik; Correns, Martin; Fütterer, Richard; Linß, Gerhard; Manske, Eberhard; Fröhlich, Thomas; Grewe, Adrian; Hillenbrand, Matthias; Sinzinger, Stefan
Hyper- and multispectral imaging systems - a survey of different approaches at the Ilmenau University of Technology. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-087:3
Ullmann, Vinzenz; Kühnel, Michael; Kühnel, Michael *1981-*; Manske, Eberhard;
Interferometrical determination of concentric run-out errors in rotary tables for optical roundness measurement. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-058:8
Krapf, Gunter; Schwesinger, Folker; Fröhlich, Thomas;
High-precision analog interfaces for low-latency PC-in-the-loop controller. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 7 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-094:2
Kühnel, Michael; Rivero, Michel; Diethold, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Dual axis tiltmeter with nanorad resolution based on commercial force compensation weigh cells. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 12 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-098:3
Geis, Annika; Husung, Stephan; Weber, Christian; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard
Vectorial tolerances for the uncertainty analysis of precision measurement devices. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-034:2
Diethold, Christian; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
Development of a force displacement measurement device for the determination of spring constants. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 10 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-092:6
Amthor, Arvid; Kaiser, Irina; Rogge, Norbert; Weiß, Heiko
Analysis, physically motivated modeling and system identification of electromagnetic force compensated balances (EMFC). - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 10 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-124:2
Oliveira, Rafael S.; Lepikson, Herman Augusto; Bitencourt, Antonio Carlos Peixoto; Machado, Raphael R.; Winter, Simon; Theska, René; Fröhlich, Thomas
New proposals for the dynamic tests of torque transducers. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 10 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-082:5
Schwesinger, Folker; Krapf, Gunter; Fröhlich, Thomas;
PC-based low latency controller for dynamic mechatronic systems. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 13 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-091:8
Schleichert, Jan; Carlstedt, Matthias; Marangoni, Rafael R.; Rahneberg, Ilko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Dynamic characterization of a multi-component force transducer using a Lorentz force load changer. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-181:4
Pufke, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Diethold, Christian; Fröhlich, Thomas
Capacitive sensor technology based on area variation for precise position detection. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 12 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-161:9
Garbers, Johannes; Gehrmann, Stephan; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Irrgang, Klaus; Lippmann, Lutz
Metrological optimazition of thermocouples for exhaust metering. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-086:5
Marin, Sebastian; Hohmann, Michael; Schalles, Marc; Krapf, Gunter; Fröhlich, Thomas
Insert with a multiple fixed-point cell for a dry block calibrator. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-114:4
Hohmann, Michael; Breitkreutz, Paul; Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
Calibration of heat flux sensors with small heat fluxes. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 9 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-101:4
Rogge, Norbert; Engwicht, Michael; Welsch, Steffen; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Hygrostat based on adsorption processes controlled by a high precision chilled dew point mirror. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 9 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-122:7
Rahneberg, Ilko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Contact materials for mass artifacts. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 11 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-146:3
Ullmann, Vinzenz; Manske, Eberhard
Absolute Längenmessung in einem polarisationsoptischen Weißlichtinterferometer. - In: DGaO-Proceedings, ISSN 1614-8436, Bd. 115 (2014), A14, insges. 2 S.

Im Gegensatz zu relativ messenden interferenzoptischen Messverfahren (z.B. Planspiegelinterferometer), bietet die Weißlichtinterferometrie den Vorteil, absolute Strecken in einem optischen System messen zu können. Die zu messenden Strecken werden durch sich gegenüberstehende Spiegelelemente realisiert, welche sich innerhalb eines sogenannten Tandeminterferometers befinden. Dieses wird aus zwei sequentiell angeordneten Michelson-Interferometern aufgebaut. Während zunächst ein Gangunterschied zwischen zwei Wellenfronten eines aufgeteilten Lichtstrahls erzeugt wird, so kompensiert ein zweites Interferometersegment diesen Gangunterschied wieder. Das Resultat ist die Erzeugung einer Signatur, die sich ortsgebunden digital erfassen und auswerten lässt. Auf diese Weise können Ortsmarken für die absolute Längenmessung definiert werden. Um die Intensitätsverluste im Interferometer zu minimieren, wurde am Institut für Prozessmess- und Sensortechnik der Aufbau eines Tandeminterferometers mit breitbandig-polarisationsoptischen Bauelementen realisiert und untersucht. Die gesteigerte optische Effizienz im Interferometeraufbau erleichtert die Auswahl einer geeigneten Weißlichtquelle.



https://www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00024981
Kaiser, Irina; Fengler, Wolfgang; Fröhlich, Thomas
Development of a processing system with the 3W-Model. - In: Autonomous systems 2014, (2014), S. 76-89

This paper gives a summary of the authors research work in the field of information processing systems in the measurement domain. The realization of a prototype for the information processing system in the dynamic weighing technology presented here is based on the self-developed concept of the 3W-Model. The high-performance embedded system used for the implementation is based on an FPGA. Along with an overview of the state-of-the-art for the FPGA-based embedded system and the application-specific development, a case study is presented, with focus on specific requirements in the measurement domain. Special attention is paid to ability for official calibration and the metrologic reliability. a current research topic in the dynamic weighing technology is introduced and a concept of a prototypical solution for an information processing system is discussed highlighting these special requirements.



Stadnyk, Bohdan; Fröhlich, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas *1969-*;
Improvement of metrological characteristics of portable impedance analyzers. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 6 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-132:4
Hesse, Steffen; Schäffel, Christoph; Zschäck, Stephan; Ament, Christoph; Müller, Andreas; Manske, Eberhard
Scan performance of nanopositioning systems with large travel range. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 9 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-069:6
Fiedler, Bernd; Gerlach, Erik; Husung, Isabel; Zeidis, Igor; Zimmermann, Klaus; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Theska, René
Positioning with nanometre precision requires a high tech Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine and an optimal machine setup. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 8 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-029:6
Hofmann, Norbert; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Manske, Eberhard; Theska, René
A compact tactile surface profiler for multi-sensor applications in nano measuring machines. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 10 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-177:3
Manske, Eberhard; Füßl, Roland; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Birli, Oliver; Jäger, Gerd
Ongoing trends in precision metrology. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 1 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-156:0
Müller, Andreas; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Manske, Eberhard
Markers for referencing topography measurement data of optical surfaces. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 6 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-152:9
Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard
Application of the metrological SPM for long distance measurements. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 5 S.

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2014iwk-158:6
Rivero, Michel; Kühnel, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas
High precision dual axis tilt stage. - In: Shaping the future by engineering, (2014), insges. 7 S.

Schalles, Marc; Thewes, Robert
Comparison of thermal modeling approaches for complex measurement equipment. - In: International journal of thermophysics, ISSN 1572-9567, Bd. 35 (2014), 3/4, S. 725-737

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-014-1637-x
Alkhalil, Shatha; Thess, André; Fröhlich, Thomas; Kolesnikov, Yuri
Lorentz force sigmometry: a novel technique for measuring thermo-physical properties of molten metals. - In: 9th International Conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Thermo Acoustic and Space Technologies, (2014), S. 124
Richtiger Name des Verf.: Thomas Fröhlich

Hohmann, Michael; Marin, Sebastian; Schalles, Marc; Krapf, Gunter; Fröhlich, Thomas
Dry block calibrator using heat flux sensors and an adiabatic shield :
Metall-Blockkalibrator mit Wärmestromsensoren und adiabatischem Schild. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2014, (2014), insges. 6 S.

Niedermeyer, Lars; Augsburg, Klaus; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Krapf, Gunter; Zimmermann, Klaus; Böhm, Valter; Kaufhold, Tobias
Untersuchung thermo-mechanischer Belastungen in Abgassystemen bei hochdynamischer Druckpulsation. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2014, (2014), insges. 6 S.

Möller, Reinhard; Horn, Volker; Moretton, Susanne; Tschmelak, Jens; Schalles, Marc; Mammen, Helge; Fröhlich, Thomas
Highly precise temperature measurement at ambient temperature :
Hochpräzise Temperaturmessung im Raumtemperaturbereich. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2014, (2014), insges. 4 S.

Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Lippmann, Lutz; Irrgang, Klaus
Neufassung der VDI/VDE-Richtlinie 3522 "Zeitverhalten von Berührungsthermometern". - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2014, (2014), insges. 6 S.

Diethold, Christian; Kühnel, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas; Manske, Eberhard
Determination of force to displacement curves using a nanopositioning system based on electromagnetic force compensated balances. - In: Measurement, Bd. 51 (2014), S. 343-348

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.02.034
Kühnel, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Fröhlich, Thomas
Traceable measurement of mechanical parameters of double bending beam force transducers according to EN ISO 376. - In: Measurement, Bd. 51 (2014), S. 336-342

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.02.024
Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Ament, Christoph; Güther, Thomas; Irrgang, Klaus; Lippmann, Lutz
Dynamic properties of contact thermometers for high temperatures. - In: Measurement, Bd. 51 (2014), S. 387-392

Temperature sensors used in exhaust systems of combustion engines have to measure enormous temperature differences within the shortest periods of time. This serves to protect the engine parts with respect to their temperature stability and to govern the energy efficient operation of the engine. Numerical calculations with the Finite Elements Method are used to estimate static-thermal measurement errors and dynamic characteristics primarily concerning medium specificity and construction of the temperature sensors. New test equipment requires comparing various thermometers under real conditions (high temperature steps and velocity). Prediction models are used to correct the dynamic behavior and to predict the fluid temperature faster accurately.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.11.021
Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Goj, Boris; Machleidt, Torsten; Franke, Karl-Heinz; Hoffmann, Martin; Manske, Eberhard
Multifunctional nanoanalytics and long-range scanning probe microscope using a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 25 (2014), 4, S. 044006, insges. 7 S.

An interferometer-based metrological scanning probe microscope (SPM) is successfully integrated into our nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NPM machine) for high-precision measurements with nanometre uncertainty over a range of 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm. Both devices were developed at the Institute of Process Measurement and Sensor Technology of Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany. Outstanding results were achieved for different measurement tasks. With the NPM machine, truly long-range and long-term measurements are possible. Due to the tip wear, an automatic SPM cantilever replacement is preferable. Such a tip replacement is also required for the integration of multifunctional nanoanalytics. For example, for Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), the measurement of topography and surface potential with different SPM tips is necessary. For this purpose, an electromagnetic tip changer was designed. The tip changer comprises three SPM probes. In order to retrieve the previous tip positions, additional fiducial marks were developed. The repeatability of relocation is less than 10 nm. The automatic tip changer and fiducial marks are integrated into a sample holder. The tip changer in combination with fiducial marks allows scanning distances three times longer (with the same type of SPM probes) and multifunctional nanoanalytics (with different SPM probes with special properties). Sample KPFM measurements are demonstrated. The developed tip changer, including special fiducial marks, improves the performance and functionality of the NPM machine crucially.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/4/044006
Weis, Hanna; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas; Jäger, Gerd
System simulation for electromagnetic force compensated load-cells with Matlab/Simulink and ANSYS. - In: ANSYS Conference & 31. CADFEM Users' Meeting 2013, (2013), insges. 7 S.

Balances based on the principle of electromagnetic force compensation (EMC) represent the state of the art concerning uncertainty of measurement and achievable resolution. Due to the increasing number of applications of these systems in industry and research, there is a strong interest in improving the performance in terms of speed and accuracy. Especially the application in food or pharmaceutical filling plants demand the contrary goals of high resolution and repeatability and the derivation of a measurement signal in a short time. To fulfil these demands, the entire system and the interaction of its components have to be optimized. This leads to the requirement of accurate models, describing the behaviour of this complex mechatronic system both in open and closed control loop. In this paper we present an approach for the modelling of the entire system consisting of a mechanical part, an optical position indicator, a digital controller, and amplifier and the actuator composed of voice coil and permanent magnet. The simulations were carried out with Matlab Simulink and ANSYS. The models were validated by comparing the simulated results to measured signals. For both, the static and dynamic behaviour good agreement of simulation and measurement was obtained. The advantage of the presented approach is that the characteristical behaviour of the system can be described and optimized at a very early state of development. Hence, time consuming and costintensive manufacturing of early development state prototypes can be significantly reduced or even omitted.



Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Interferometer-based scanning probe microscope for high-speed, long-range, traceable measurements. - In: Tezy dopovidej, ISBN 978-617-607-482-3, (2013), S. 198

Hausotte, Tino; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Shen, Jing C.; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Dimensional metrology in the macroscopic range with sub-nanometre resolution. - In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Journal of engineering manufacture / Institution of Mechanical Engineers. - London : Sage Publ., 1989- , ISSN: 2041-2975 , ZDB-ID: 2032745-6, ISSN 2041-2975, Bd. 227 (2013), 5, S. 657-661

http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405413476386
Möller, Reinhard; Horn, Volker; Moretton, Susanne; Tschmelak, Jens; Schalles, Marc; Mammen, Helge; Fröhlich, Thomas
Precise measurements of ambient temperature in precision air handling units :
Hochpräzise Temperaturmessung in Präzisionsklimakammern bzw. -geräten im Raumtemperaturbereich. - In: Temperatur 2013, (2013), S. 23-28

Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Goj, Boris; Machleidt, Torsten; Franke, Karl-Heinz; Hoffmann, Martin; Manske, Eberhard
Multifunctional nanoanalytics and long-range SPM based on NPM machine. - In: Nanoscale 2013, (2013), S. 85

Lippmann, Lutz; Meiselbach, Uwe; Irrgang, Klaus; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas
Konzeption und Installation einer Versuchsanlage zur Prüfung und Untersuchung von Temperaturfühlern in Heißgasumgebung. - In: Temperatur 2013, (2013), S. 53-58

Die Regelung und Überwachung technischer Verbrennungsprozesse erfordert die Verwendung von hoch-dynamischen und äußerst zuverlässigen Temperaturfühlern bei Einsatztemperaturen von ca. 1000&ring;C und Gasgeschwindigkeiten von über 100 m/s. Dabei sind Temperatursprünge mit Änderungsgeschwindigkeiten von bis zu 1000 K/s und örtliche Gradienten von ca. 500 K/mm anzutreffen. Zum Zwecke der (Weiter)-Entwicklung solcher Sensoren ist es notwendig, entsprechende Prototypen unter annähernd realen Bedingungen hinsichtlich ihres dynamischen Verhaltens und ihrer Zuverlässigkeit zu untersuchen. Bisher verfügbare Versuchsstände können diese Bedingungen in ihrer Gesamtheit nicht abbilden. Im Rahmen einer Master-Arbeit wurde ein Prüfstand entwickelt, mit dem die Untersuchung von Temperaturfühlern unter den genannten Bedingungen und bezüglich der angesprochenen Gesichtspunkte realisiert werden kann.



Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas
Neufassung der Richtlinie VDI/VDE 3522 "Zeitverhalten von Berührungsthermometern". - In: Temperatur 2013, (2013), S. 29-34

Die Erweiterung der Temperatureinsatzgrenzen von Temperaturfühlern infolge von Wirkungsgrad- und Prozessoptimierungen erforderte eine Neufassung der Richtlinie VDI/VDE 3522 aus dem Jahr 1987 [1], um auch das dynamische Verhalten von Temperaturfühlern bei hohen Temperaturen und Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten sowie bei Temperatursprüngen mit großen Temperaturdifferenzen zu berücksichtigen. Die dynamischen Kennwerte hängen auch von der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Materialdaten ab, diesem Umstand wurde in der Richtlinie ebenso Rechnung getragen wie der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Medienparameter. In diesem Sinne wurden auch die Prüfvorschriften und Vorrichtungen zur Bestimmung der dynamischen Kennwerte erweitert. Die Richtlinie wurde von den Mitgliedern des Richtlinienausschusses "VDI/VDE-GMA FA 2.52 Berührungsthermometrie" erarbeitet.



Rogge, Norbert; Fröhlich, Thomas; Hilbrunner, Falko
Ein neuartiger Präzisionshygrostat nach dem Adsorptionsverfahren. - In: Temperatur 2013, (2013), S. 269-275

Zur Erzeugung definierter Luftfeuchten kann die Luft in zwei getrennten Luftkreisläufen be- und entfeuchtet und die Feuchte über das Mischungsverhältnis der beiden Luftmengen eingestellt werden. Zum Befeuchten wird dazu Wasser verdampft. Zum Entfeuchten wird dagegen die Luft mit einem Trockenmittel (Sorbens) oder Kühler in Kontakt gebracht, die der Luft Feuchtigkeit entziehen. Im Gegensatz dazu, wird bei dem neuartigen Präzisionshygrostaten die zu konditionierende Luft dauerhaft mit einem Trockenmittel wie z.B. Silica-Gel in Kontakt gebracht. Änderungen der Luftfeuchte werden dann nicht mehr durch Vermischung von Luftmengen verschiedener Feuchte erzeugt, sondern durch die Temperierung des Trockenmittels. Hierbei wird ausgenutzt, dass die Gleichgewichtsbeladung des Sorbens von der Sorbenstemperatur abhängt. Da sich die Luft in einem von der Umwelt abgeschlossenen Volumen befindet, führen Beladungsänderungen im Sorbens zu Änderungen der Luftfeuchte. Durch eine Messung der Sorbenstemperatur, kann diese mit dem hier vorgestellten System derart geregelt werden, dass die Taupunkttemperatur in einem Bereich von -20 1/2 &ring;C bis 25 1/2 &ring;C kurzfristig nur um ±65 1/2 mK schwankt. Die Lage des Mittelpunktes dieses Taupunkttemperaturbereiches kann zudem mittels Vorkonditionierung des Silica-Gels in den gewünschten Bereich verschoben werden. Somit ist es möglich, die Taupunkttemperatur über einen Bereich von 45 1/2 K kontinuierlich einzustellen, ohne dass das Trockenmittel ausgetauscht oder Wasser zur Befeuchtung nachgefüllt werden muss. Zur Kalibrierung von Feuchtsensoren, muss der Hygrostat mit einem Referenzsensor, wie einem Tauspiegel verbunden werden. Nach dessen Referenzsignal kann dann die Taupunkttemperatur auf einen festgelegten Sollwert geregelt werden.



Schleichert, Jan; Rahneberg, Ilko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Calibration of a novel six-degree-of-freedom force/torque measurement system. - In: International journal of modern physics, ISSN 2010-1945, Bd. 24 (2013), S. 1360017, insges. 9 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S2010194513600173
Ebert, Reschad; Vasilyan, Suren; Wiederhold, Andreas
Flow velocimetry for weakly conducting electrolytes based on high resolution Lorentzforce measurement. - In: International journal of modern physics, ISSN 2010-1945, Bd. 24 (2013), S. 1360015, insges. 8 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S201019451360015X
Güther, Thomas; Bönicke, Holger; Ament, Christoph; Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas
A model-based temperature estimator for improving sensor dynamics in vehicle exhaust systems. - In: IECON 2013, ISBN 978-1-4799-0224-8, (2013), S. 3852-3857

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2013.6699750
Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard
Vectorial metrological modeling of multiaxis precision measuring systems. - In: Precision control for advanced manufacturing systems, ISBN 978-1-887706-62-9, (2013), S. 122-125

The metrological validation of high precision 3D-measurement instruments demands an effective modeling of the systems. Vectorial descriptions of the measuring circuits are very suitable for analyzing the capability and for modeling uncertainty budgets. To keep the measurement uncertainty in the lower nanometer range, it is necessary to use error reduced metrological design structures. This means, short measurement circuits, separated from the stage system and avoiding Abbe errors. In high precision Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machines (NPMM) these requirements are fulfilled [1]. This paper shows the structures and the application of vectorial metrological modeling for multiaxis precision measuring systems.



Rahneberg, Ilko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Optisches Mehrkomponentenmesssystem. - In: XXVII. Messtechnisches Symposium, (2013), S. 127-138

Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas; Langhammer, Hans Theo; Boguhn, Dirk
Investigation on the Curie temperature of a ferroelectric material as a temperature fixed-point. - In: AIP conference proceedings, ISSN 1551-7616, Bd. 1552 (2013), S. 937-942

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4819670
Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Balzer, Felix; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard; Kästner, Marcus; Schuh, Andreas; Zöllner, Jens-Peter; Hofer, Manuel; Guliyev, Elshad; Ahmad, Ahmad; Ivanov, Tzvetan; Rangelow, Ivo W.
0.1-nanometer resolution positioning stage for sub-10 nm scanning probe lithography. - In: Alternative lithographic technologies V, ISBN 978-0-8194-9462-7, (2013), S. 868018, insges. 10 S.

Pufke, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Diethold, Christian; Fröhlich, Thomas
Precision and low cost position detection using capacitive sensor technology. - Ilmenau : ilmedia. - Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 6 S., 624,7 KB)Publ. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: 56th IWK, International Scientific Colloquium, Ilmenau University of Technology, 12 - 16 September 2011 / Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ilmenau University of Technology

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2013200082
Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef; Geyer, Matthias; Schüler, Ralf
Vacuum transfer system for loading the Sartorius prototype mass comparator CCL1007. - Ilmenau : ilmedia. - Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 4 S., 513,7 KB)Publ. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: 56th IWK, International Scientific Colloquium, Ilmenau University of Technology, 12 - 16 September 2011 / Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ilmenau University of Technology

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2013200071
Wegfraß, André; Diethold, Christian; Werner, Michael; Resagk, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko; Halbedel, Bernd; Thess, André
Contact-free flow rate measurement in weakly conducting electrolyte using Lorentz force velocimetry. - In: Proceedings of XX IMEKO World Congress, ISBN 978-89-950000-5-2, (2012), insges. 2 S.

Resagk, Christian; Wegfraß, André; Diethold, Christian; Werner, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Halbedel, Bernd; Thess, André
A novel contactless flow rate measurement device for poorly conducting fluids using Lorentz force velocimetry. - In: THMT 12, ISBN 978-1-56700-302-4, (2012), insges. 5 S.

Flügge, Jens; Beckert, Erik; Jennett, Nigel; Maxwell, Tony; Petit, Daniel; Rudtsch, Steffen; Salgado, Jose; Schalles, Marc; Schödel, René; Voigt, Dirk
The EMRP project "thermal design and dimensional drift". - In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2012), S. 315-318

Thess, André; Wegfraß, André; Diethold, Christian; Werner, Michael; Fröhlich, Thomas; Halbedel, Bernd; Hilbrunner, Falko; Resagk, Christian
Noncontact electromagnetic flow measurement in electrolytes. - In: 23rd International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2012, FM11-005, insges. 2 S.

Lorentz force velocimetry (LFV) is a noncontact electromagnetic flow measurement technique that is currently successfully applied for velocity measurements in liquid metals both in laboratory experiments and industry. However, up to now the application of LFV was restricted to conducting fluids with electrical conductivities of the order of 106 S/m such as are encountered in liquid metals. Here we demonstrate that LFV can be successfully extended to poorly conducting fluids (electrolytes) by using high-resolution force measurements.



Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Ament, Christoph; Güther, Thomas
High speed temperature sensors in emission systems of combustion engines. - In: Proceedings of XX IMEKO World Congress, ISBN 978-89-950000-5-2, (2012), insges. 5 S.

Temperature sensors used in emission systems of combustion engines must register enormous temperature differences within the shortest periods of time. This serves to protect the engine parts with respect to their temperature stability and to govern the energy efficient functioning of the engine. Numerical calculations according to the Finite Elements Method are used to estimate static-thermal measurement errors and dynamic characteristics primarily concerning medium specificity and construction of the temperature sensors. Prediction models are used to correct the dynamic behaviour and to predict the medium temperature faster accurately.



Diethold, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas; Manske, Eberhard
Nanopositioning system with combined force measurement based on electromagnetic force compensated balances. - In: Proceedings of XX IMEKO World Congress, ISBN 978-89-950000-5-2, (2012), insges. 5 S.

This paper descusses a novel nanopositioning system which is based on an electromagnetic force compensated (EMC) balance. In addition to the positioning the actuating force can also be measured. This enables the measurement of force displacement curves of springs tith a wide variety of spring constants. The measurement renge of the spring constants is up to 10(10) N/m with a maximum resolution of about 0.01 N/m. Compared to other principes for measuring the spring constant the introduced method is more sophisticated. Both force as well as the displacement can be measured traceable and simultaneously.



Kühnel, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Fröhlich, Thomas
Traceable determination of mechnical parameters of binocular shaped force transducers according to EN ISO 376. - In: Proceedings of XX IMEKO World Congress, ISBN 978-89-950000-5-2, (2012), insges. 6 S.

This paper discusses the traceable determination of mechanical parameters of monolithic binocular shaped dual beam spring elements that are applied as force transducers and load cells in the mass and force metrology. Thereby it mainly deals with the measurement fo the specific values creeping, reversibility, reproducibility, zero error and interpolation error which are defined in applicable regulations such as the EN ISO 376 standard or the OIML recommendation R 60. Our determination of those parameters is based on an interferometric deformation measurement of a loaded binocular shaped dual beam spring element which is made of the common aluminium alloy AW 2024. Generally there is no restriction on the spring element material. The parameters mentioned above are derived from the measured interferometer signal according to the END ISO 376 standard and are thus traceable to the wavelength of light. The used measurement setup is introduced, measurements of the mentioned parameters are presented and their uncertainty is depicted. It is proved that the setup is suitable to classify dual beam spring elements according to the highest accuracy Class 00 of ENd ISO 376.



Hilbrunner, Falko; Weis, Hanna; Petzold, Ralf; Fröhlich, Thomas; Jäger, Gerd
Investigation on the impedance-frequency-response for a dynamic behaviour description of elecromagnetic force compensated load-cells. - In: Proceedings of XX IMEKO World Congress, ISBN 978-89-950000-5-2, (2012), insges. 5 S.

In this paper, a method for deriving significant parameters for the description of the dynamic behaviour of electromagnetic force compensated loadcells (EMC) from its impedance-frequency-response is presented. With these parameters, the dynamical behaviouf of a load-cell can be depicted and classified near its main resonance frequency, or by going the inverse way the load-cell can be designed based ont he favored parameters to fulfill the desired criteria concerning the dynamical behaviour. This method is based on the estimation of parameters describing the behaviour of electrodynamic speakers, called Thiele-Small-Parameters, which is state of the art for designing loudspeakers. It will be demonstrated that the controller design for the EMC load-cell can be based on the derived parameters.



Goj, Boris; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Wystup, Clemens; Hoffmann, Martin; Manske, Eberhard
Electromagnetic changer for AFM tips. - In: 23rd Micromechanics and Microsystems Europe Workshop, (2012), insges. 4 S.

Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Mammen, Helge; Ament, Christoph; Güther, Thomas
Thermoelemente für den Einsatz in Abgassystemen von Verbrennungsmotoren. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2012, (2012), S. 770-779

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Füßl, Roland; Balzer, Felix; Machleidt, Torsten
Nanomess- und Nanopositioniergeräte für die nanometergenaue Positionierung, Messung und Bearbeitung von Oberflächen und Strukturen : Schwerpunkt: B5 Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2012, (2012), S. 490-498

Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Marin, Sebastian; Breitkreutz, Paul; Lehmann, Harald
Fixpunktthermometer für kleine Rohrquerschnitte. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2012, (2012), S. 95-104

Schalles, Marc; Blumröder, Götz
Berechnung des effektiven Emissionsgrades von Referenzstrahlern aus Aluminiumoxid. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2012, (2012), S. 88-94

Wegfraß, André; Resagk, Christian; Diethold, Christian; Fröhlich, Thomas; Werner, Michael; Halbedel, Bernd; Thess, André
Lorentz force velocimetry for poorly conducting fluids - development and validation of a novel flow rate measurement device. - In: Journal of iron and steel research international, ISSN 1006-706X, Bd. 19.2012, Suppl. 1-2, S. 613-616

Heinicke, Christiane; Pulugundla, Gautam; Tympel, Saskia; Boeck, Thomas; Karcher, Christian; Schumacher, Jörg; Rahneberg, Ilko; Fröhlich, Thomas; Hilbrunner, Falko; Thess, André
Lorentz force velocimetry for local velocity measurement. - In: Journal of iron and steel research international, ISSN 1006-706X, Bd. 19.2012, Suppl. 1-1, S. 578-581

Balzer, Felix; Gerhardt, Uwe; Hausotte, Tino; Albrecht, K.; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Application of a novel fibre-coupled confocal sensor in a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2012), S. 88-91

Jäger, Gerd;
Challenges and limitations of nanomeasuring technology. - In: IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2012, ISBN 978-1-4577-1773-4, (2012), insges. 5 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC.2012.6229155
Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Mammen, Helge; Irrgang, Klaus; Meiselbach, Uwe
Determination of the dynamic behaviour of high-speed temperature sensors. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074024, insges. 9 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074024
Schalles, Marc; Blumröder, Götz
Calculation of the effective emissivity of blackbodies made of alumina. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074023, insges. 6 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074023
Weis, Hanna; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas; Jäger, Gerd
Mechatronic FEM model of an electromagnetic-force-compensated load cell. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074018, insges. 10 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074018
Diethold, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko
Force measurement of low forces in combination with high dead loads by the use of electromagnetic force compensation. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074017, insges. 7 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074017
Müller, Andreas; Hofmann, Norbert; Manske, Eberhard
Approaching nanometre accuracy in measurement of the profile deviation of a large plane mirror. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074014, insges. 6 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074014
Balzer, Felix; Gerhardt, Uwe; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Fibre-coupled monochromatic zero-point sensor for precision positioning systems using laser interferometers. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074008, insges. 8 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074008
Sternkopf, Christian; Diethold, Christian; Gerhardt, Uwe; Wurmus, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
Heterodyne interferometer laser source with a pair of two phase locked loop coupled He-Ne lasers by 632.8 nm. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074006, insges. 6 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074006
Hausotte, Tino; Percle, Brandon; Gerhardt, Uwe; Dontsov, Denis; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Interference signal demodulation for nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074004, insges. 8 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074004
Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland
Recent developments and challenges of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring technology. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074001, insges. 10 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074001
Krapf, Gunter; Mammen, Helge; Blumröder, Götz; Fröhlich, Thomas
Influence of impurities on the fixed-point temperature of zinc: estimations by the SIE method and practical limitations. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 23 (2012), 7, S. 074022, insges. 10 S.

This publication deals with the practical challenge of describing the impurity influence on the fixed-point temperature of zinc. For this, the sum of individual estimate (SIE) approach is applied to miniaturized fixed-point cells (MFPC) filled with high-purity zinc that can be used in industrial applications. This includes comparative analyses by glow discharge mass spectroscopy as well as mass spectroscopy with inductive coupled plasma to quantify the impurity concentrations in zinc. Furthermore, the element-specific and concentration-dependent temperature deviations are presented for the fixed-point material zinc. For this, binary phase diagrams as well as thermal calculations and experimental data were analysed to extract the relevant sensitivity coefficients. Besides, results from SIE analyses of MFPCs are presented and their uncertainties are compared. On this basis, practical limits of the SIE method are identified and discussed.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/7/074022
Shen, Jing-Chung; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jywe, Wen-Yu; Liu, Chien-Hung
Active probe control of a metrological atomic force microscopy. - In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes, ISSN 1474-6670, Bd. 44 (2011), 1, S. 3533-3538

https://doi.org/10.3182/20110828-6-IT-1002.00391
Hausotte, Tino; Percle, Brandon; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Baitinger, Henner; Balzer, Felix; Gerhardt, Uwe; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Dontsov, Denis
Interferometric measuring systems of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: 10th IMEKO Symposium Laser Metrology for Precision Measurement and Inspection in Industry (LMPMI) 2011, (2011), S. 343-349

Müller, Andreas; Hofmann, Norbert; Manske, Eberhard
Approaching nanometre accuracy in large plane mirror's profile deviation measurement. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 43

Diethold, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko
Force measurement of low forces with high dead loads. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 40-41

Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge; Fröhlich, Thomas; Irrgang, Klaus; Meiselbach, Uwe
Determination of the dynamic behavior of high-speed temperature sensors. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 37

Pufke, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Diethold, Christian; Fröhlich, Thomas
Precision and low cost position detection using capacitive sensor technology. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 36

Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef; Geyer, Matthias; Schüler, Ralf
Vacuum transfer system for loading the Sartorius prototype mass comparator CCL1007. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 35

Balzer, Felix; Gerhardt, Uwe; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard
Novel fibre-coupled reference sensor for nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 19

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland
Prospects and challenges of nanpositioning and nanomeasuring technology. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 13

Krapf, Gunter; Mammen, Helge; Blumröder, Götz; Fröhlich, Thomas
Impurity dependence of industrial suited thermometric metal fixed-points. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, ISBN 978-3-86360-001-3, (2011), S. 36

This publication deals with the practical challenge of describing impurity-related temperature deviations using the Sum of Individual Estimates approach (SIE). For this, the SIE is applied to miniaturised fixed-point cells (MFPC) filled with high-purity zinc. This includes comparative analyses by glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GD-MS) as well as mass spectroscopy with inductive coupled plasma (ICP-MS) to quantize the impurity concentrations in zinc. Furthermore, the element-specific, concentration-dependent temperature deviations are presented for the fixed-point material zinc. For this, binary phase diagrams, thermal calculations as well as experimental data were analysed to extract the according sensitivity coefficients. Beside this, results from SIE analyses of MFPCs are presented and their uncertainties are compared. In this connection, practical limits of SIE methods are also identified and discussed.



Kühnel, Michael; Gerhardt, Uwe; Ullmann, Vinzenz; Manske, Eberhard
Automated setup for non-tactile high-precision measurements of roundness and cylindricity using two laser interferometers. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, (2011), insges. 7 S.

http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=19681
Werner, Michael; Wegfraß, André; Diethold, Christian; Halbedel, Bernd; Resagk, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko
Nutzung von Lorentzkräften zur kontaktlosen Messung der Fließgeschwindigkeiten von elektrisch schwach leitfähigen Fluiden. - In: Kurzfassungen, (2011), S. 15-16

Krapf, Gunter; Schalles, Marc; Mammen, Helge; Hilbrunner, Falko; Augustin, Silke; Blumröder, Götz; Fröhlich, Thomas
Long term stability of miniature fixed-point cells used in self-calibrating thermometers. - In: Sensor + Test Conference 2011, ISBN 978-3-9810993-9-3, (2011), S. 732-737

Augustin, Silke; Fröhlich, Thomas; Mammen, Helge; Pufke, Michael
Determination of the dynamic behavior of high-speed temperature sensors. - In: Sensor + Test Conference 2011, ISBN 978-3-9810993-9-3, (2011), S. 726-731

Kühnel, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas
Climate chamber for a high temperature stability. - In: Sensor + Test Conference 2011, ISBN 978-3-9810993-9-3, (2011), S. 698-701

Hausotte, Tino; Percle, Brandon; Gerhardt, Uwe; Dontsov, Denis; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Homodyne interference signal demodulation for nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Innovation in mechanical engineering - shaping the future, (2011), insges. 5 S.

http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=19700
Schalles, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas
Neuartiges Kalibrierstrahlersystem zur Präzisionskalibrierung von Strahlungsthermometern. - In: XXV. Messtechnisches Symposium des Arbeitskreises der Hochschullehrer für Messtechnik e.V., (2011), S. 241-252

Kühnel, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Büchner, Hans; Jäger, Gerd; Fröhlich, Thomas
Traceable determination of relevant material parameters for the mass and force metrology. - In: Reflecting on the past - looking into the future, (2011), insges. 8 S.

In mass and force metrology the measurement of deformations of characteristically shaped bodies, so called deformation bodies, is a common principle to determine forces. Thereto the proportionality of the acting force F and the generated deformation v or strain e is used (e.g. in strain gage based transducers). The resulting strain and deformation is inversely proportional to the Young's modulus of the deformation body. However, the Young's modulus and thus the strain and the deflection are not constant. It is mainly dependent on the loading time and the temperature. - This paper discusses the usability of monolithic binocular shaped deformation bodies for a high precision determination of the effect of delayed elasticity v(t) at a constant load. Besides this the determination of the Young's modulus E0 and its temperature coefficient E0(T) is depicted. - Our determination of those parameters is based on an interferometric deformation measurement. Therefore one side of the deformation body is firmly clamped in a fixture. To the other side a defined and constant load F is applied to generate the spontaneous deformation v0. Due to the effect of delayed elasticity the spontaneous deformation v0 is followed by a time dependent deformation at a constant load v(t). The vertical force F is generated loading a defined mass m. Hence, the determined parameters are metrologically traceable to the wavelength of the light and the mass. In our experiments the resolution of v is 0.1 nm. The relative resolution v(t)/v0 is depending on the stiffness of the applied deformation body and is typically in the range of 1.10-6. - Based on different designs the influence of the fixture and the force application system is discussed. In the final realization no influence of the setup on the v(t) curves can be observed. An excellent suitability of binocular shaped deformation bodies and the chosen measurement setup for a high precision determination of the delayed elasticity is shown based on v(t)-measurements of a monolithic deformation body made of aluminum. Furthermore a determination of the spontaneous deflection v0 of a silicon deformation body is compared to a numerical computed deformation to prove the suitability of the setup for the Young's modulus determination.



Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef; Geyer, Matthias; Schüler, Ralf
Vacuum transfer system for loading the Sartorius prototype mass comparator CCL1007. - In: Reflecting on the past - looking into the future, (2011), insges. 6 S.

Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard; Kreutzer, Philipp
Modeling of 3D-measurement chains in nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Proceedings of the 14th Joint International IMEKO TC1 + TC7 + TC 13 Symposium, (2011), insges. 3 S.
. - Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 3 S., 469,1 KB)

Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machines are devices used for coodinate measurement and object manipulation in cm-ranges with nanometer precision. To decelerate a value for the position- or measurement uncertainty a 3D metrological model is necessary. The structure of such models depends on the arrangement of the machine parts in the measurement circles. The paper describes several model structures in vectorial form.



http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=19440
Manske, Eberhard; Füßl, Roland
Untersuchungen zum Messunsicherheitsbudget nichtlinearer Teilmodelle in der Präzisionslängenmesstechnik. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen, (2011), S. 209-219

Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd
Nanopositionier-und Nanomessmaschinen für die Anwendung in der Mikro- und Nanotechnik. - In: 4. Fachtagung Metrologie in der Mikro- und Nanotechnik 2011, (2011), S. 3-16

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino
Prospects of multi-sensor technology for large-area applications in micro- and nanometrology. - In: Reflecting on the past - looking into the future, (2011), insges. 9 S.

Wegfraß, André; Diethold, Christian; Werner, Michael; Resagk, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko; Halbedel, Bernd; Thess, André
Development of a novel flow rate measurement device for poorly conducting fluids using Lorentz force velocimetry. - In: Proceedings of the 8th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, (2011), S. 353-356

Wegfraß, André; Diethold, Christian; Werner, Michael; Resagk, Christian; Hilbrunner, Falko; Halbedel, Bernd; Thess, André
Development of a novel flow rate measurement device for poorly conducting fluids using Lorentz Force Velocimetry :
Entwicklung einer neuen Durchflussmesstechnik zur Vermessung elektrisch schwachleitfähiger Fluide mittels Lorentzkraft Anemometrie. - In: Lasermethoden in der Strömungsmesstechnik, (2011), S. 15-1-15-4

Müller, Andreas; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard
Interferometric measurement of profile deviations of large precision mirrors. - In: Optical measurement systems for industrial inspection VII, 2011, 80821N, insges. 8 S.

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Machleidt, Torsten
Multisensor technology based on a laser focus probe for nanomeasuring applications over large areas. - In: Optical measurement systems for industrial inspection VII, 2011, 808203, insges. 9 S.

Baitinger, Henner; Manske, Eberhard; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Vorbringer-Doroshovets, Nataliya; Sinzinger, Stefan; Jäger, Gerd; Bischoff, Jörg
Verbesserung der Kantenfindung mit einem Fokussensor durch Simulationen auf der Grundlage rigoroser Beugungstheorie. - In: Einladung zur 112. Jahrestagung vom 14. Juni bis 18. Juni 2011 und zur satzungsgemäßen ordentlichen Mitgliederversammlung der DGaO am 17. Juni 2011 in Ilmenau/Thüringen, (2011), S. 90

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino
Multisensortechnologie mit der Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschine. - In: Einladung zur 112. Jahrestagung vom 14. Juni bis 18. Juni 2011 und zur satzungsgemäßen ordentlichen Mitgliederversammlung der DGaO am 17. Juni 2011 in Ilmenau/Thüringen, (2011), S. 38

Jäger, Gerd;
Grundlagen laserinterferometrischer Präzisionsmessgeräte. - In: Einladung zur 112. Jahrestagung vom 14. Juni bis 18. Juni 2011 und zur satzungsgemäßen ordentlichen Mitgliederversammlung der DGaO am 17. Juni 2011 in Ilmenau/Thüringen, (2011), S. 8

Bischoff, Jörg; Manske, Eberhard; Baitinger, Henner
Modeling of profilometry with laser focus sensors. - In: Modeling aspects in optical metrology III, ISBN 978-0-8194-8679-0, 2011, S. 80830C, insges. 12 S.

Balzer, Felix Gerhard; Hofmann, Norbert; Percle, Brandon; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Recent advances in 3-D tactile micro- and nanometrology. - In: Proceedings of the 11th International conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2011), S. 141-144

Baitinger, Henner; Sternkopf, Christian; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Percle, Brandon; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Interferometry for the next generation of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Proceedings of the 11th International conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2011), S. 88-91

Kreutzer, Philipp; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard; Dorozhovets, Nataliya
Investigations of metrological models for the nanomeasuring and nanopositioning machine with respect to the measurement uncertainty by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. - In: Proceedings of: the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the American Society for Precision Engineering, ISBN 978-1-88770-656-8, (2010), S. 325-328

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino
Combination of multi-sensor technology and multiple measurement strategies in micro- and nanometrology. - In: 10th International Symposium on Measurement and Quality Control (ISMQC 2010), ISBN 978-1-617-82019-9, (2010), S. 551-554

Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Percle, Brandon; Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Machleidt, Torsten
Combination of high-speed surface scanning and tactile 3-D coordinate measurement on theb basis of advanced mechatronic and control concepts. - In: Proceedings of: Control of precision systems, ISBN 978-1-88770-653-7, (2010), S. 40-44

Balzer, Felix Gerhard; Hofmann, Norbert; Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Investigation of the metrological properties of a 3-D microprobe with optical detection system. - In: Instrumentation, metrology, and standards for nanomanufacturing IV, ISBN 978-0-8194-8263-1, 2010, 77670V, insges. 10 S.

Dimensional measurements of microstructures with uncertainties below 50nm require both nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines (NPMMs) as well as appropriate microprobes. This paper introduces a novel 3-D tactile microprobe system developed at the Ilmenau University of Technology, Institute of Process Measurement and Sensor Technology, and contains an analysis of its metrological characteristics. - This microprobe system uses a silicon membrane to induce the measurement force and to operate as the damping system for the stylus. This damping is entirely brought about by internal friction. An optical detection system measures the deflection of the membrane and thus of the stylus. The optical detection system uses a single laser beam, focused on the backside of the silicon membrane. The reflected beam is split, with one part being used to measure the tilt about the x- and y-axes and the other part being fed back into an interferometer for deflection measurement in the z-direction. Thus, the deflection of the membrane can be measured with sub-nanometre resolution. An NPMM was used to analyse the metrological characteristics of the microprobe system and to calibrate it. This paper focuses on a detailed analysis of the three-dimensional reproducibility for point measurements by obtaining and evaluating a directional response pattern. This pattern is then compared to the behaviour of other microprobe systems. Furthermore, the work shows that the microprobe system can be applied successfully to scanning measurements and satisfactory results obtained. These results indicate that the microprobe system is well-suited for universal measurement tasks in dimensional metrology.



Diethold, Christian; Fröhlich, Thomas; Hilbrunner, Falko; Jäger, Gerd
High precission optical position sensor for electromagnetic force compensated balances. - In: IMEKO TC3 & TC5 & TC22 International Conference, (2010), S. 91-94

Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef; Geyer, Matthias; Schüler, Ralf
Vacuum transfer system for loading the Sartorius prototype mass comparator CCL1007. - In: IMEKO TC3 & TC5 & TC22 International Conference, (2010), S. 77-80

Hilbrunner, Falko; Weis, Hanna; Fröhlich, Thomas; Jäger, Gerd
Comparison of different load changers for EMFC-balances. - In: IMEKO TC3 & TC5 & TC22 International Conference, (2010), S. 65-68

Weis, Hanna; Hilbrunner, Falko; Fröhlich, Thomas; Jäger, Gerd
Parametric mechatronic model of a load cell with electromagnetic force compensation. - In: IMEKO TC3 & TC5 & TC22 International Conference, (2010), S. 29-32

Fröhlich, Thomas;
Determining magnetic properties of mass standards by using the susceptometer method :
Bestimmung magnetischer Eigenschaften von Massenormalen mit der Suszeptometermethode. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010, (2010), S. 645-649

Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard;
Metrology and measurement uncertainty of nanopositioning- and nanomeasuring machines :
Metrologie und Messunsicherheit von Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010, (2010), S. 474-477

Jäger, Gerd;
Development of nanomeasuring and nanopositioning machines. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010, (2010), S. 19-23

Hesse, Steffen; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Schäffel, Christoph; Mohr, Hans-Ulrich; Leistritz, Bianca
First results of an interferometric controlled planar positioning system for 100 mm zerodur slider. - In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2010), S. 457-461

Balzer, Felix; Vorbringer-Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hofmann, Norbert; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Büttgenbach, Stephanus
3-D microprobe with optical detection system. - In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2010), S. 104-107

Jäger, Gerd;
Limitations of precision length measurements based on interferometers. - In: Measurement, Bd. 43 (2010), 5, S. 652-658

The most important principles, the basis and operation of heterodyne and homodyne interferometers are discussed. Their benefits and limitations are covered based on a metrological analysis. The resolution of interferometers can be determined by calculating the smallest resolvable distance increment. Also, it is shown here how the Abbe comparator principle can be fulfilled in all three measuring dimensions by using interferometers. Other factors in addition to the Abbe errors are discussed which affect the measurement uncertainty of interferometric length measurements.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2009.12.030
Krapf, Gunter; Mammen, Helge; Blumröder, Götz
Ermittlung des Einflusses von Verunreinigungen auf das thermometrische Fixpunktmaterial Zink. - In: Temperatur 2009, (2009), S. 257-264

Schalles, Marc;
Vergleich von arithmetrischen Methoden zur Bestimmung der Fixpunkttemperatur aus Temperaturverläufen. - In: Temperatur 2009, (2009), S. 277-286

Zur Bestimmung von Phasenumwandlungstemperaturen Tph aus gemessenen Plateauverläufen können unterschiedliche mathematische Methoden angewendet werden. Abhängig von der zum Einsatz kommenden Methode und dem zeitlichen Verlauf der Phasenumwandlung ergeben sich hierbei unterschiedliche systematische Abweichungen und Reproduzierbarkeiten der ermittelten Temperaturen Tph. Da dies insbesondere bei der Auswertung von Phasenumwandlungen in kleinen Fixpunktzellen deutlich wird, wurden Schmelz- und Erstarrungsvorgänge von Zink unterschiedlicher Reinheit in miniaturisierten Fixpunktzellen aufgezeichnet. Ihre zeitlichen Temperaturverläufe wurden mit fünf unterschiedlichen Auswertemethoden analysiert, was einen Vergleich der Methoden anhand der errechneten scheinbaren Phasenumwandlungstemperaturen ermöglicht.



Jäger, Gerd;
Limitations of precision length measurements based on interferometers. - In: Fundamental and applied metrology, ISBN 978-963-88410-0-1, (2009), S. 1915-1919

Mäuslein, Sascha; Mack, Oliver; Schwartz, Roman; Jäger, Gerd
Investigation of new silicon load cells with thin-film strain gauges. - In: Fundamental and applied metrology, ISBN 978-963-88410-0-1, (2009), S. 379-382

Füßl, Roland; Jäger, Gerd;
The influence of the force feed-in system on high-accuracy low force measurement. - In: Fundamental and applied metrology, ISBN 978-963-88410-0-1, (2009), S. 235-238

Kühnel, Michael; Hilbrunner, Falko; Jäger, Gerd
Novel high-resolution interferometric materials testing device for the determintion of the viscoelastic behaviour of high-tech plastics. - In: Fundamental and applied metrology, ISBN 978-963-88410-0-1, (2009), S. 230-234

Krapf, Gunter; Schalles, Marc;
Comparison of different methods of fixed-point temperature evaluation. - In: Fundamental and applied metrology, ISBN 978-963-88410-0-1, (2009), insges. 5 S.

The estimation of the fixed-point temperatures from measured plateau curves can be carried out using different mathematical methods. Depending on the method used and the size of the fixed-point cell, different systematic deviations and reproducibilities of the calculated tempera-tures arise. They typically develop during the evaluation of measurements from small fixed-point cells. Thus the phase transformation temperatures of miniaturised fixed-point cells with zinc of different purities were measured and five different methods were compared.



Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Nanomeasuring and nanopositioning engineering . - In: Fringe 2009, (2009), S. 390-397

Xu, H.; Müller, Andreas; Balzer, Felix; Percle, Brandon; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
The complete acquisition of the topography of a special multi-mirror arrangement with the help of a Fizeau interferometer. - In: Optical measurement systems for industrial inspection VI, 2009, 73890O, insges. 10 S.

Hofmann, Norbert; Tibrewala, A.; Balzer, Felix; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Büttgenbach, Stephanus
Characterisation of the metrological properties of 3-D microprobes. - In: Laser metrology and machine performance IX, ISBN 978-0-9553082-7-7, (2009), S. 243-252

Kreutzer, Philipp; Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Manske, Eberhard; Füßl, Roland; Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer
Monte Carlo simulation to determine the measurement uncertainty of a metrological scanning probe microscope measurement. - In: Scanning microscopy 2009, ISBN 978-0-8194-7654-8, 2009, 737816, insges. 12 S.

A proprietary metrological scanning probe microscope (SPM) with an interferometer, developed by the Institute of Process Measurement and Sensor Technology at the Ilmenau University of Technology (IPMS), is used as a stationary probe system in the nanomeasuring and nanopositioning machine (NPMM). Due to the movements of the NPMM, the total microscope measuring range is 25mm × 25mm × 5mm with a positioning resolution of less than 0.1nm. Examples for specimens are step height standards and one-dimensional gratings. The repeatability has been determined at less than 0.5nm for measurements on calibrated step height standards and less than 0.2nm for the gratings. The measurement results of these samples are always directly related to the corresponding measurement uncertainty, which can be calculated using an uncertainty budget. A new traceable method has been developed using a vectorial modular model. With this approach, it is possible to quickly insert new sub-models and to individually analyze their effects on the total measurement uncertainty. The analysis of these effects with regard to their uncertainties is done by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), because some models have partially or fully nonlinear character of which one example is the interferometer model of the metrological SPM. The complete development and analysis of these models is presented for one specific measurement task. The measurement results and the corresponding measurement uncertainty were obtained by Monte Carlo Simulation. Comparisons with the GUM have shown that the proposed procedure is a good alternative to achieve reasonable measurement results with uncertainty estimation.



Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Design and performance of the new Sartorius 1kg-prototype mass comparator for high precision mass determination and research applications. - In: Transverse disciplines in metrology, ISBN 978-1-8482-1048-6, (2009), S. 657-667

Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Mass dissemination using a robot system. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 76 (2009), 7/8, S. 382-387

http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/teme.2009.0976
Rahneberg, Ilko; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd
Optical system for the simultaneous measurement of two-dimensional straightness errors and the roll angle. - In: Optical sensors 2009, ISBN 978-0-8194-7630-2, 2009, 73560S, insges. 8 S.

Machleidt, Torsten; Sparrer, Erik; Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Manske, Eberhard; Franke, Karl-Heinz; Kapusi, Daniel
Navigation in a large measurement volume by using AFM technology as a sensor system in the NPMM. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 76 (2009), 5, S. 274-277

http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/teme.2009.0968
Liu, Chien-Hung; Jywe, Wen-Yuh; Chen, I-Ching; Duan, Li-Lii; Jwo, Hsin-Hung; Jeng, Yeau-Ren; Hsu, Tung-Hui; Teng, Yun-Feng; Huang, Hsueh-Liang; Wang, Ming-Shi
The application of the dual-beam laser interferometer for calibration precision machine tools. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 76 (2009), 5, S. 245-247

http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/teme.2009.0963
Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer; Rahneberg, Ilko; Kreutzer, Philipp
Uncertainty consideration of the coordinate system in nanopositioning- and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 76 (2009), 5, S. 235-238

http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/teme.2009.0961
Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
The metrological basis and operation of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine NMM-1. - In: Technisches Messen, ISSN 2196-7113, Bd. 76 (2009), 5, S. 227-234

http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/teme.2009.0960
Amthor, Arvid; Hausotte, Tino; Ament, Christoph; Li, Pu; Jäger, Gerd
Friction identification and compensation on nanometer scale. - In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes, ISSN 1474-6670, Bd. 41 (2008), 2, S. 2014-2019

This work concerns the modelling and experimental verification of the highly nonlinear friction behavior in positioning on the nanometer scale. The main goal of this work is to adjust and identify a simple dynamic friction model which allows a model-based estimation of the friction force in combination with the system inertia against displacement. Experiments in the pre-sliding and sliding friction regimes are conducted on an experimental setup. A hybrid two-stage parameter estimation algorithm is used to fit the model parameters based on the experimental data. Finally, the identified friction model is utilized as a model-based feedforward controller combined with a classical feedback controller to compensate the nonlinear friction force and reduce tracking errors.



https://doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-KR-1001.00342
Bernhard, Frank;
Realisierungsmöglichkeiten für intelligente Temperaturfühler in der Verfahrenstechnik. - In: Automation 2008 - Lösungen für die Zukunft, (2008), S. 27-30

Jäger, Gerd;
Limits of precision measurements based on interferometers. - In: Fourth International Symposium on Precision Mechanical Measurements, 2008, 713002, insges. 6 S.

Laser interferometric methods are employed in precision measurements and positioning tasks, since they provide the means for attaining high metric resolution and precision, even over large measurement ranges. The most important fundamental principles of heterodyne and homodyne interferometers are discussed. A metrological analysis makes it possible to describe the advantages and limits of laser interferometry. The design and functionality of fibre-coupled miniature interferometers are described. The broad applicability of interferometers to microtechnology, nanotechnology and precision mechatronics is explained.



Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer; Kreutzer, Philipp
Uncertainty consideration of the mirror-interferometer system in nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines. - In: Interferometry XIV: applications, ISBN 978-0-8194-7284-7, 2008, 70640L, insges. 6 S.

Hauguth, Sindy; Lebedev, Vadim; Mauder, Christof; Niebelschütz, Florentina; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Ambacher, Oliver
Novel III-nitride based transparent photodetectors for standing wave interferometry. - In: Physica status solidi. Applications and materials science. - Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 2005- , ISSN: 1862-6319 , ZDB-ID: 1481091-8, ISSN 1862-6319, Bd. 205 (2008), 8, S. 2080-2084

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200778888
Hauguth-Frank, Sindy; Lebedev, Vadim; Tonisch, Katja; Romanus, Henry; Kups, Thomas; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Ambacher, Oliver; Schober, Andreas
Structural and photoconducting properties of MBE and MOCVD grown III-nitride double-heterostructures. - In: Materials and devices for laser remote sensing and optical communication, ISBN 978-1-60511-046-2, (2008), S. 155-161

Krapf, Gunter;
Uncertainties of precision measurements with industrial resistance thermometers :
Messunsicherheiten bei Präzisionsmessungen mit industriellen Widerstandsthermometern. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen, (2008), insges. 10 S.

Weis, Hanna Sophie; Augustin, Silke
Simulation of thermal behavior in high-precision measurement instruments. - In: International journal of thermophysics, ISSN 1572-9567, Bd. 29 (2008), 3, S. 1184-1192

In this paper, a way to modularize complex finite-element models is described. The modularization is done with temperature fields that appear in high-precision measurement instruments. There, the temperature negatively impacts the achievable uncertainty of measurement. To correct for this uncertainty, the temperature must be known at every point. This cannot be achieved just by measuring temperatures at specific locations. Therefore, a numerical treatment is necessary. As the system of interest is very complex, modularization is unavoidable to obtain good numerical results.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-007-0365-x
Manske, Eberhard; Baitinger, Henner; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Doroshovets, Nataliya; Sinzinger, Stefan; Jäger, Gerd
Investigations for the improvement of optical edge detection with a laser focus probe. - In: Portrait - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, (2008), insges. 4 S.
Publ. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: ICPM 2008

Mäuselein, Sascha; Mack, Oliver; Schwartz, Roman; Jäger, Gerd
Single crystalline sensors with thin-film strain gauges for force measurement and weighing technology. - In: Portrait - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, (2008), insges. 18 S.
Publ. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: ICPM 2008

Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Mass dissemination using the Sartorius mass comparator robot system. - In: Portrait - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, (2008), insges. 13 S.
Publ. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: ICPM 2008

Hasche, Klaus; Dai, Gaoliang; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Pohlenz, Frank
Optimized metrological scanning force microscopes. - In: Portrait - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, (2008), insges. 7 S.
Publ. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: ICPM 2008

Wurmus, Jens; Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer; Manske, Eberhard; Röser, Mathias
Microoptical fibre-coupled laser interferometers and multiparameter microsensor systems for use in precision engineering. - In: Proceedings, (2008), S. 113-114

Hofmann, Norbert; Dunkel, Andreas; Jäger, Gerd; Tibrewala, Arti; Phataralaoha, A.; Büttgenbach, Stephanus
Investigations of the metrological characteristics of 3D micro probes on the basis of structured silicon-membranes. - In: Proceedings, (2008), S. 111-112

Huang, Yeu-Jong; Chen, Chao-Jung; Wang, Sheng-Hang; Tsuei, Kuang-Yih; Baitinger, Henner; Walter, Christian
Dynamic structure evaluation of isolating seismic block for primary vibration calibration system. - In: Proceedings, (2008), S. 95-96

Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Novel investigations and developments in a metrological scanning probe microscope. - In: Proceedings, (2008), S. 61-62

Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd
Standing wave based microinterferometer. - In: Proceedings, (2008), S. 39-40

Kreutzer, Philipp; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer
Monte Carlo simulation to determine the measurement uncertainty of metrological models for the nanomeasuring and nanopositioning machine. - In: Proceedings, (2008), S. 35-36

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Limits of the precision engineering. - In: Proceedings, (2008), S. 7-8

Hauguth-Frank, Sindy; Lebedev, Vadim; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Ambacher, Oliver
Ultra-thin InGaN photodetectors for standing wave interferometry. - In: Physica status solidi, ISSN 1610-1642, Bd. 5 (2008), 6, S. 2117-2119

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200778467
Liu, Yi-Cheng; Fan, Kuang-Chao; Chu, Chih-Liang; Werner, Christian Andreas; Jäger, Gerd
Development of an optical accelerometer for low-frequency vibration using the voice coil on a DVD pickup head. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 19 (2008), 8, S. 084012, insges. 7 S.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/8/084012
Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Grünwald, Rainer; Füßl, Roland
Konsistenz im Nanometerbereich: messtechnischer Vergleich von optischen, taktilen und AFM-Sensoren. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2008, (2008), S. 135-144

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Schmidt, Ingomar; Pöschel, Wolfgang; Kühnel, Michael
High-precision estimation of circle and cylinder form deviations by means of a fibre-coupled laser interferometer arrangement . - In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference, (2007), S. 329-332

With growing requirements to achieve an ever better precision in the metal-working industry, novel high-precision measuring techniques need to be developed. Especially in the automobile industry, for example ring gauges presenting a roundness deviation of < 0.1 mm are required. Thus, measuring uncertainties in the 10 nm-range are highly desirable when producing such ring gauges. The measuring set-up has to meet highest metrological demands, and error sources have to be minimized or even avoided. In addition, measuring and testing shall be carried out at an ever higher speed.



Mäuselein, Sascha; Mack, Oliver; Schwartz, Roman; Jäger, Gerd
Investigations of load cells made of singlecrystalline silicon with sputrered-on strain gauges. - In: IMEKO TC3 & TC16 & TC22 International Conference, (2007), insges. 12 S.

Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Gatzmeier, Benno; Osang, S.; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Mass dissemination using a fully automated mass comparator robot system. - In: IMEKO TC3 & TC16 & TC22 International Conference, (2007), insges. 8 S.

Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Design and performance of the new Sartorius robot-system. - In: IMEKO TC3 & TC16 & TC22 International Conference, (2007), insges. 8 S.

Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard
Application of the metrological scanning probe microscope for high-precision, long-range, traceable measurements. - In: Optical measurement systems for industrial inspection V, 2007, 661624, insges. 7 S.

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hofmann, Norbert
Precision mechatronics based on high-precision measuring and positioning systems and machines. - In: Optical measurement systems for industrial inspection V, 2007, 661621, insges. 10 S.

Schalles, Marc; Bernhard, Frank
Triple-fixed-point blackbody for the calibration of radiation thermometers. - In: International journal of thermophysics, ISSN 1572-9567, Bd. 28 (2007), 6, S. 2049-2058

A new triple-fixed-point blackbody containing the fixed-point materials aluminum (freezing point 660.323&ayn;C), zinc (FP 419.527&ayn;C), and tin (FP 231.928&ayn;C) in one device has been developed at the Ilmenau University of Technology. It enables calibration of a radiation thermometer with direct reference to the ITS-90 at three fixed points after a single adjustment of the calibration object. The setup significantly reduces the technical effort and the time for the calibration procedure. Measurements of the phase-transition temperature and the time-dependent blackbody temperature made with a transfer radiation thermometer, the Linearpyrometer LP5 of the IKE Stuttgart, are presented in the article.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-007-0277-9
Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino
Precision mechatronics, nanometrology, nanomeasuring and nanopositioning engineering. - In: 10th CIRP Conference on Computer Aided Tolerancing, Specification and Verification for Assemblies, ISBN 978-3-8322-6036-1, (2007), insges. 8 S.

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Natalja; Hofmann, Norbert
Traceable nanometrology realized by means of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Proceedings of ISMTII 2007, (2007), S. 433-436

Kapusi, Daniel; Machleidt, Torsten; Franke, Karl-Heinz; Manske, Eberhard; Jahn, Rainer
Measuring large areas by white light interferometry at the nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NPMM). - In: , (2007), S. 257-262
Seitenzählung nicht identisch mit Druckausg., Inhalt identisch mit Druckausg. S. 251-256

http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=8885
Fan, Kuang-Chao; Lai, Zi-Fa; Wu, Peitsung; Chen, Yung-Chang; Chen, Yejin; Jäger, Gerd
A displacement spindle in a micro/nano level. - In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 1361-6501, Bd. 18 (2007), 6, S. 1710-1717

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/6/S07
Jäger, Gerd;
Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Nanomess- und Positioniertechnik. - In: Innovative Klein- und Mikroantriebstechnik, (2007), S. 45-50

Kiesewetter, Jürgen; Blumröder, Götz
Universal software to run a data acquisition/switch unit for measurement sequences and calibration. - In: Proceedings, (2007), S. 495-499

Jäger, Gerd;
Precision mechatronics - nanomeasuring and nanopositioning engineering at the Technische Universität Ilmenau. - 11 S. = 1,49 MB, TextPubl. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: The 3rd Vietnam Conference on Mechatronics, VCM 2006, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2006, S. 12-20

http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=7275
Zimmermann, Jan; Sawodny, Oliver; Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd
Friction modelling for control of a linear high-precision actuator. - In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes, ISSN 1474-6670, Bd. 39 (2006), 16, S. 461-466

https://doi.org/10.3182/20060912-3-DE-2911.00081
Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Natalja; Hofmann, Norbert
Nanomeasuring and nanopositioning engineering. - In: IMEKO XVIII World Congress and IV Brazilian Congress of Metrology, September 17 - 22, 2006, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (2006), insges. 9 S.

Borys, Michael; Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef; Mecke, M.; Schwartz, Roman
Design and performance of the new Sartorius 1 kg vacuum mass comparator at PTB. - In: IMEKO XVIII World Congress and IV Brazilian Congress of Metrology, September 17 - 22, 2006, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (2006), insges. 5 S.

Guo, T.; Chen, J. P.; Dontsov, Denys; Fu, X.; Hu, X. T.; Jäger, Gerd
Improved homodyne laser interferometer used in micro-vibration analysis. - In: Optical test and measurement technology and equipment, 2006, S. 61502A, insges. 6 S.

Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Hofmann, Norbert; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Development of the interferometrical scanning probe microscope. - In: Interferometry XIII: applications, (2006), S. 629311, insges. 8 S.

Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Natalja; Hofmann, Norbert
Nanomeasuring and nanopositioning engineering. - In: Third International Symposium on Precision Mechanical Measurements, (2006), S. 628001, insges. 9 S.

Schalles, Marc; Bernhard, Frank
Mehrfach-Fixpunktstrahler zur Kalibrierung von Strahlungsthermometern. - In: Temperatur 2006, (2006), S. 415-418

Schalles, Marc; Bernhard, Frank
Mehrfach-Fixpunktstrahler zur Kalibrierung von Strahlungsthermometern. - In: Sensoren und Messsysteme 2006, ISBN 978-3-8007-2939-5, (2006), S. 415-418

Blumröder, Götz; Hilbrunner, Falko; Sievers, Rudolf; Scharfenberg, Silvio
Messungen mit einem Pyrometer im Niedertemperaturbereich. - In: Temperatur 2006, (2006), S. 139-144

Zur Demonstration messtechnischer Eigenschaften eines Pyrometers bei statischen und dynamischen Messungen wurde eine PC-gesteuerte Messanordnung mit einem kommerziellen Schwarzen Strahler, einem vertikal angeordneten Flächenstrahler und einer Linearführung mit verstellbarer Pyrometeraufnahme aufgebaut. - Nach der Ermittlung des Messfelddiagramms mit Hilfe des Schwarzen Strahlers und einer Irisblende wird der Flächenstrahler bei optimalem Arbeitsabstand vermessen. Unter Nutzung eines Strahlerpunktes mit bekannter Temperatur werden die Emissionsgrade von neun speziellen Oberflächenbeschichtungen ermittelt. - Mit Hilfe der Linearführung kann das Pyrometer den Flächenstrahler mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten scannen. Die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Kombinationen von Geschwindigkeit und Pyrometer-Einstellzeit auf das Scannergebnis sind experimentell nachvollziehbar.



Füßl, Roland; Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer; Schmidt, Ingomar
A new vectorial model for the estimation of uncertainty in nano coordinate measuring machines. - In: IMEKO XVIII World Congress and IV Brazilian Congress of Metrology, September 17 - 22, 2006, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (2006), insges. 4 S.

Füßl, Roland;
Vektorielles metrologisches Modell zur Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit von Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen, (2006), S. 211-220

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Natalja; Hofmann, Norbert
Taktile und optische Sensorsysteme für Nanomess- und Nanopositioniermaschinen. - In: Messtechnik für Mikro- und Nano-Engineering, (2006), S. 55-65

Schmidt, Ingomar; Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Füßl, Roland
A new traceable method for determination of periodic nonlinearities of interferometers. - In: Interferometry XIII: techniques and analysis, (2006), S. 629206, insges. 10 S.

A new traceable method has been developed and investigated to experimentally determine the total amount of measuring deviations arising through the capture and demodulation of plane-mirror interferometer signals. The basic principle for such an analysis is the precise specification of length variations. However, either a measuring system of excellent accuracy or accurately defined movements within a stable platform are required. A common measuring motion can be achieved through the displacement of a reflecting wedge plate, which creates a constant step-down. The interferometer to be analyzed is used to determine the change in the wedge plate's thickness, which is caused by lateral movements controlled by another interferometer. The wedge's sampled surfaces demand high planarity as the change of thickness acts as the material measure. These conditions can be achieved by using the Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine in conjunction with a 0.5-degree tilted mirror placed on it. The interferometer to be analyzed is aligned with this mirror. To provide the highest possible linearity for lateral motion, the only measuring points are in nearly error-free lambda/2 steps of the interferometer. The NPM machine's already small deviations in positioning will only affect the evaluation of measuring errors of the reduced interferometer by a factor of about one-hundredth. This is one of the main advantages of the method. The interferometer to be analyzed - like the entire measuring setup - features a compact assembly and high mechanical and thermal stability. The measured deviations in linearity provide excellent verification of the prospected error influences.



Augustin, Silke; Bernhard, Frank; Mammen, Helge; Krapf, Gunter; Rudtsch, Steffen; Fahr, Martin
Development of miniature fixpoint cells for specific analyses of the influence by impurities on the phase equilibrium temperatures from pure metals :
Entwicklung von Fixpunktzellen zur gezielten Untersuchung des Einflusses von Verunreinigungen auf die Phasengleichgewichtstemperaturen von Reinstmetallen. - In: Temperatur 2006, (2006), S. 317-322

An der TU Ilmenau wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arbeitsgruppe "Angewandte Thermometrie" der PTB numerische Berechnungen zur Optimierung der Bauformen von Fixpunktzellen unterschiedlicher Größe durchgeführt. Diese Zellen werden eingesetzt, um den Einfluss von Verunreinigungen auf die Phasengleichgewichtstemperaturen von Reinstmetallen gezielt zu untersuchen. Es wurden Miniaturfixpunktzellen entwickelt, die zur Bestimmung der Phasengleichgewichtstemperaturen mit Mantelwiderstandsthermometern geeignet sind. Erste Modelle zur Optimierung der an der PTB verwendeten Fixpunktzellen wurden erstellt und überprüft.



Krapf, Gunter; Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge
Binary eutectic Aluminium alloys as materials for use in miniature fixed-point cells :
Binäre eutektische Aluminium-Legierungen als Materialien in miniaturisierten Fixpunktzellen. - In: Temperatur 2006, (2006), S. 257-262

Selbstkalibrierende Thermoelemente mit integrierten, miniaturisierten Fixpunktzellen ermöglichen die Messung der Heißdampftemperatur in Kraftwerken mit einer Unsicherheit <1 K. Im Bereich von 520 &ayn;C bis 610 &ayn;C kommen hierbei die binären eutektischen Aluminiumlegierungen Al87Si, Al75Pd und Al67Cu als Phasenumwandlungsmaterialien zum Einsatz. Solche selbstkalibrierende Thermoelemente wurden über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Monaten in konventionellen Kraftwerken erfolgreich einem Praxistest unterzogen. Dabei konnte eine Kalibrierunsicherheit am Fixpunkt von ±0,1 K bestätigt werden.



Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Hofmann, Norbert; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Metrological long-range scanning probe microscope. - In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference, (2006), S. 421-424

Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Hofmann, Norbert
Metrological scanning probe microscope. - In: Optical micro- and nanometrology in microsystems technology, 2006, S. 61880L, insges. 8 S.

Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Manske, Eberhard; Schmidt, Ingomar; Mastylo, Rostyslav
Long-range nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine for application to micro- and nanotechnology. - In: Metrology, inspection, and process control for microlithography XX, (2006), S. 615224, insges. 9 S.

Wang, Yung-Cheng; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Jywe, Wenyuh
Abbe error-free test equipment for nanometer-order measurments. - In: Progress on advanced manufacture for micro/nano technology 2005, (2006), S. 379-384

Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Natalja; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer
Nanometrology - nanopositioning- and nanomeasuring machine with integrated nanoprobes. - In: Progress on advanced manufacture for micro/nano technology 2005, (2006), S. 7-12

Zimmermann, Jan; Sawodny, Oliver; Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd
Friction modelling of a linear high-precision actuator. - In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes, ISSN 1474-6670, Bd. 38 (2005), 1, S. 133-138

https://doi.org/10.3182/20050703-6-CZ-1902.01201
Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef;
Determination of magnetic properties of weights using the susceptometer method. - In: Maschinenbau von Makro bis Nano, 2005, [05.P.14], insges. 10 S.
Parallel als CD-ROM-Ausg. erschienen

http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=17427
Schalles, Marc; Bernhard, Frank
Mehrfach-Fixpunktstrahler zur Kalibrierung von Strahlungsthermometern. - In: Maschinenbau von Makro bis Nano, 2005, [05.3.07], insges. 2 S.

http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=17516
Krapf, Gunter; Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge
Selbstkalibrierende Thermoelemente im Kraftwerkseinsatz. - In: Maschinenbau von Makro bis Nano, 2005, [05.3.04], insges. 2 S.
Parallel als Druck- und CD-ROM-Ausg. erschienen

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Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mandryka, Victor; Jäger, Gerd
Stehende-Wellen-Interferometer: ein neues interferometrisches Konzept. - In: Maschinenbau von Makro bis Nano, 2005, [05.2.05], insg. 2 S.

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Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas *1969-*; Heydenbluth, Detlef;
The new Sartorius 1kg-prototype balance for high precision mass determination and research applications. - In: Maschinenbau von Makro bis Nano, 2005, [05.1.03], insges. 11 S.
Parallel als CD-ROM-Ausg. erschienen

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Welter, Matthias; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Beitrag zur Entwicklung nanoskaliger Kalibriersysteme. - In: Maschinenbau von Makro bis Nano, 2005, [01.14], insges. 9 S.

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Dorozhovets, Nataliya; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Metrologisches Rasterkraftmikroskop. - In: Maschinenbau von Makro bis Nano, 2005, [01.13], insges. 3 S.

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Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Natalja; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer
Progress on the wide scale nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine by integration of different nanoprobes. - In: New frontiers in mechatronics technology, (2005), insges. 4 S.

Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
The new Sartorius 1kg-prototype balance for high precision mass determination. - In: Unrefereed full papers, (2005), insges. 6 S.

Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Gatzemeier, Benno; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Sartorius susceptometer for precise measurement of susceptibility and magnetization of weights. - In: Unrefereed full papers, (2005), insges. 6 S.

Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dontsov, Denis; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
A focus sensor for an application in a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Optical measurement systems for industrial inspection IV, (2005), S. 238-244

Hilbrunner, Falko; Blumröder, Götz; Fröhlich, Thomas
Mathematical moisture compensation of precision measuring instruments. - In: SENSOR 2005, (2005), S. 473-477

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Grünwald, Rainer; Füßl, Roland
Integration of probe systems in a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Eighth International Symposium on Laser Metrology: Macro-, Micro-, and Nano-Technologies Applied in Science, Engineering, and Industry, (2005), S. 168-172

Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hofmann, Norbert; Dorozhovets, Natalja
Application of a positioning and measuring machine for metrological long-range scanning force microscopy. - In: Advanced characterization techniques for optics, semiconductors, and nanotechnologies II, (2005), S. 587802, insges. 12 S.

Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Hofmann, Norbert; Jäger, Gerd
Nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine for high accuracy measuring procedures of small features in large areas. - In: Optical fabrication, testing, and metrology II, (2005), S. 596509, insges. 11 S.

Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Dorozhovets, Natalja; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer
Progress on the wide scale nano-positioning- and nanomeasuring machine by integration of optical-nanoprobes. - In: Fringe 2005, (2005), S. 291-298

Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd
Plane mirror interferometer for precision length measurements. - In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, (2005), S. 45-48

Jäger, Gerd; Hausotte, Tino; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Grünwald, Rainer
Nanomesssysteme für Nanopositioniersysteme. - In: Mechanical engineering from macro to nano, (2005), S. 17-18

Manske, Eberhard; Mastylo, Rostislav; Hausotte, Tino; Hofmann, Norbert; Jäger, Gerd
Advances in traceable nanometrology with the nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, (2005), S. 47-59

Bernhard, Frank; Höfle, Franz Anton
Selbstkalibrierende Thermoelemente aus der Sicht von Kraftwerken und Entwicklern. - In: Vorträge V1 - V24, (2004), V13

Bunte, E.; Mandryka, Victor; Jun, K. H.; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Stiebig, H.
Thin transparent pin-photodiodes for length measurements. - In: Sensors and actuators. Physical. - Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1990- , ISSN: 1873-3069 , ZDB-ID: 1500729-7, ISSN 1873-3069, Bd. 113 (2004), 3, S. 334-337

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2004.03.067
Dontsov, Denis; Schott, Walter; Jäger, Gerd; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Gerhardt, Uwe
Fibre-coupled homodyne interferometer for vibration analysis. - In: Photonics in measurement, (2004), S. 93-99
Richtiger Name des Verf.: Walter Schott

Verlaan, Adrianus L.; Dool, Teun C.; Braam, Ben C.; Calvel, Bertrand; Sesselmann, Rainer; Pöschel, Wolfgang; Dontsov, Denys; Cabeza Vega, Isabel; Manske, Eberhard; Schuldt, Thilo; Sodnik, Zoran
TNO TPD contributions to high-precision optical metrology, a Darwin metrology breadboard for ESA. - In: Space systems engineering and optical alignment mechanisms, (2004), S. 32-43
Richtiger Name des 5. Verfassers: Rainer Sesselmann

Jäger, Gerd;
Anwendung von Miniaturinterferometern in Nanomessgeräten. - 11 S. = 605,5 KB, TextDruckausg.: Sensoren, Signale, Systeme : [10. Symposium über "Sensoren, Signale, Systeme" in der Technischen Akademie Esslingen 22. bis 24.06.2004] / Karl Walter Bonfig (Hrsg.). - Kreuztal : b-Quadrat Verl., 2004. - ISBN 3-933609-19-4, S. 187-198

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Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge
Application of self-calibrating thermometers with miniature fixed-point cells in a temperature range from 300 &ring;C to 650 &ring;C. - In: Proceedings, (2004), S. 1285-1290

Using integrated miniature fixed-point cells, a measuring uncertainty of < 1 K can be reached under operating conditions in the superheated steam range of power plants by a periodic recalibration of the thermocouples, with operating times of > 20000 h and also in other applications. The fixed-point materials used for a temperature range from 300 &ring;C to 650 &ring;C are technically pure metals and binary alloys.



Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mandryka, Viktor; Jäger, Gerd
Design and investigation of an optical standing-wave interferometer for displacement measurements. - In: Physics and applications of optoelectronic devices, (2004), S. 57-65

Schober, Andreas; Kittler, Gabriel; Buchheim, Carsten; Majdeddin, Ali; Cimalla, Volker; Fischer, Michael; Yanev, Vasil; Himmerlich, Marcel; Krischok, Stefan; Schäfer, Jürgen A.; Romanus, Henry; Sändig, Torsten; Burgold, Jörg; Weise, Frank; Wurmus, Helmut; Drüe, Karl-Heinz; Hintz, Michael; Thust, Heiko; Gessner, Jörg; Kittler, Mario; Schwierz, Frank; Doll, Theodor; Manske, Eberhard; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Jäger, Gerd; Knedlik, Christian; Winkler, Gerd; Kern, Heinrich; Hoffmann, R.; Spieß, Lothar; Spitznas, Armin; Gottwald, Eric; Weibezahn, Karl-Friedrich; Wegener, Dennis; Schwienhorst, Andreas; Ambacher, Oliver
A novel class of sensors for system integrative concepts in biotechnological applications. - In: Technische Systeme für Biotechnologie und Umwelt, (2004), S. 163-169

Hofmann, Norbert; Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard
Integration of an atomic force microscope in a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: 8th International Symposium on Measurement and Quality Control in Production, (2004), S. 547-553

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Schott, Walter
Optical fibre coupled miniature interferometers designed for application in micro and nano devices. - In: Proceedings of the nineteenth annual meeting, (2004), S. 145-148

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Micro and nano devices based on miniature plane mirror interferometers. - In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mechatronics Technology, (2004), S. 7-11

Jäger, Gerd; Füßl, Roland; Manske, Eberhard; Grünwald, Rainer; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Hausotte, Tino; Wurzbacher, Holger; Dontsov, Denis; Schott, Walter
Nanometer-scale miniature interferometers developed for nano measurements in micro- and nanotechnology. - In: Proceedings of the 4th EUSPEN international conference, (2004), S. 232-233

Mastylo, Rostyslav; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Development of a focus sensor and its integration into the nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Proceedings, (2004), S. 123-126

Mandryka, Victor; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd
Design aspects in the development of a standing wave interferometer. - In: Optical metrology in production engineering, (2004), S. 175-183

Welter, Matthias; Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd
Interferometric sensor and calibration system for high-precision applications. - In: Smart structures and materials 2004 - Smart sensor technology and measurement systems, (2004), S. 26-37

Hofmann, Norbert; Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard
Measurement with an atomic force microscope using a long travel nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: 2004 4th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, (2004), S. 183-185

Manske, Eberhard; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Hausotte, Tino; Hofmann, Norbert; Jäger, Gerd
A modular auto focus/AFM-system with subnanometer capability for application in a nanopositioning- and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Proceedings of the 4th EUSPEN international conference, (2004), S. 262-263

Hausotte, Tino; Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Sawodny, Oliver
Control system of a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Actuator 2004, (2004), S. 123-126

Töpfer, Susanne; Mastylo, Rostyslav; Linß, Gerhard; Manske, Eberhard; Kühn, Olaf; Nehse, Uwe
Edge detection at height profiles with nano resolution. - In: 2004 4th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, (2004), S. 410-412

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Mastylo, Rostyslav
Großvolumige Rastersondenmikroskopie mit rückgeführten Messsystemen. - In: Thüringer Werkstofftag 2004, (2004), S. 43-50

Fröhlich, Thomas; Fehling, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Sartorius susceptometer for precise measurement of susceptibility and magnetization of weights. - In: South Yorkshire International Weighing Conference, 17th - 18th June 2003, 2003, S. 6-1-6-7

The Sartorius Susceptometer allows one to determine the magnetization and the magnetic susceptibility of weights as recommended in the Draft revision of International Recommendation OIML R 111. It is commercial available with a readability of the mass comparator of 1 [my]g and 10 [my]g. The technical details and the application range are given. A new method for specifying the necessary shape and size dependent geometric correction factors is discussed.



Boguhn, Dirk; Augustin, Silke; Bernhard, Frank; Mammen, Helge; Tischler, Moisés
Application of binary alloys in miniature fixed-point cells as secondary fixed points in the temperature range from 500 &ring;C to 660 &ring;C. - In: AIP conference proceedings, ISSN 1551-7616, Bd. 684 (2003), S. 249-254

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1627133
Dontsov, Denys; Jäger, Gerd; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Gerhard, Uwe
Homodyne fiber coupled laser vibrometer. - In: Proceedings, (2003), S. 439-442

Bernhard, Frank; Boguhn, Dirk; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge; Donin, Andrei
Application of self-calibrating thermocouples with miniature fixed-point cells in a temperature range from 500 &ayn;C to 650 &ayn;C in steam generators. - In: Metrology in the 3rd millennium, (2003), S. 1604-1608

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Schott, Walter; Dontsov, Denys
Miniature interferomerters developed for applications in nano-devices. - In: ICMT 2003, (2003), S. 41-45

Fröhlich, Thomas; Blumröder, Götz; Hilbrunner, Falko; Günther, F.
Kennlinienstabilität von Pt100-Flachmeßwiderständen im praktischen Einsatz. - In: Temperatur 2003, (2003), S. 325-330

Blumröder, Götz; Krüger, L.
Indikation thermischer Strömungsvorgänge in Gerätegehäusen mittels Messwiderständen. - In: Temperatur 2003, (2003), S. 319-324

Boguhn, Dirk; Donine, Andrei; Bernhard, Frank
Kalibrierwertermittlung bei Phasenumwandlungsvorgängen in Miniatur-Fixpunkt Zellen. - In: Temperatur 2003, (2003), S. 213-218

Bernhard, Frank; Boguhn, Dirk; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge; Donin, Andrei; Serres, Bernd; Höfle, Franz Anton
Einsatzerfahrungen mit selbstkalibrierenden Thermoelementen in Kraftwerken. - In: Temperatur 2003, (2003), S. 259-266

Mit integrierten Miniaturfixpunktzellen kann durch Rekalibrierung von Thermoelementen unter Betriebsbedingungen eine Messunsicherheit < 1K im Heißdampfbereich (500-650&ayn;C) von Kraftwerken bei Einsatzzeiten > 20.000h erreicht werden. Als Fixpunktmaterialien werden Reinstmetalle und binäre Legierungen verwendet. Aufbau und Wirkungsweise des Messsystems sowie Einsatzerfahrungen in verschiedenen Kraftwerken werden vorgestellt.



Jäger, Gerd; Füßl, Roland
Interference-optical force sensor for small forces. - In: Metrology in the 3rd millennium, (2003), S. 259-262

Jäger, Gerd;
Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Metrologie in der Mikro- und Nanotechnik, (2003), S. 127-136

Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Mandryka, Victor; Jäger, Gerd; Bunte, E.; Stiebig, H.
Standing wave interferometer for length measurements. - In: Proceedings, (2003), S. 387-390

Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Bunte, E.; Mandryka, Victor; Stiebig, H.; Jäger, Gerd
Standing-wave interferometer based on partially transparent photodiodes. - In: Optical measurement systems for industrial inspection III, (2003), S. 218-226

Stiebig, H.; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Bunte, E.; Mandryka, Victor; Knipp, D.; Jäger, Gerd
Standing wave detection by thin transparent nip diodes of amorphous silicon. - In: Thin solid films, ISSN 1879-2731, Bd. 427 (2003), 1/2, S. 152-156

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(02)01206-3
Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Schott, Walter; Dontsov, Denis
Miniature interferometers for applications in microtechnology and nanotechnology. - In: Recent developments in traceable dimensional measurements II, (2003), S. 185-192

Jäger, Gerd;
Übersichtsvortrag zum Sonderforschungsbereich 622 Nanopositionier- und Nanomessmaschinen. - In: Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (2003), S. 3-8

Manske, Eberhard;
Nanomess- und Positioniertechnik. - In: Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (2003), S. 9-15

Augustin, Silke; Boguhn, Dirk
Phase transformation temperatures of binary alloys in miniature fixed-point cells. - In: Proceedings, (2002), S. 699-704

Augustin, Silke; Bernhard, Frank; Boguhn, Dirk; Donin, Andrej; Mammen, Helge
Industrially applicable miniature fixed-point thermocouples. - In: Proceedings, (2002), S. 3-8

Augustin, Silke; Bernhard, Frank; Boguhn, Dirk; Donin, Andrei; Mammen, Helge
Selbstkalibrierende Thermoelemente mit integrierten Miniaturpunktzellen im Kraftwerkseinsatz. - In: Vorträge VP1, VH1 bis VH11, VM1 bis VM10, (2002), S. 161-165

Bernhard, Frank; Dorożowiec, M.; Dorożowiec, N.
Investigation of the error temperature medium determination using for the measurement three element resistance sensor. - In: Metody i technika przetwarzania sygnalów w pomiarach fizycznych, (2002), S. 9-16

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Wurzbacher, Holger; Grünwald, Rainer; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Schott, Walter; Pöschel, Wolfgang
Novel microoptical fibre coupled laser interferometers for various applications in precision engineering and nanotechnology. - In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, (2002), S. 537-540

Schott, Walter; Jäger, Gerd
Miniature interferometers for precise distance measurements. - In: Proceedings of the seventeenth annual meeting, (2002), S. 67-72

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Grünwald, Rainer
Nanopositioning and measuring technique. - In: Seventh International Symposium on Laser Metrology, Applied to Science, Industry, and Everyday Life, (2002), S. 240-246

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Grünwald, Rainer
A novel approach to positioning- and measuring technique for nanometrology. - 8 S. = 253,2 KB, TextPubl. entstand im Rahmen der Veranst.: International Conference Sensors and Systems, 24. - 27. Juni 2002, St. Petersburg, Russland

http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=7271
Fröhlich, Thomas; Hilbrunner, Falko; Blumröder, Götz; Jäger, Gerd; Berg, Christoph
Improvement of the metrological properties of a laboratory balance through dynamic temperature compensation. - In: Proceedings, (2002), S. 1085-1090

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Welter, Matthias
A new tool for the calibration of scanning probe microscopes. - In: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar on Quantitative Microscopy and 1st Seminar on Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods, (2002), S. 178-184

Schott, Walter; Pöschel, Wolfgang; Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer; Manske, Eberhard; Wurzbacher, Holger
Fibre-coupled microinterferometer. - In: Proceedings, (2002), S. 253-258

Knipp, D.; Stiebig, H.; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Rosa, M.; Street, R. A.
Design and modelling of a Fourier spectrometer based on sampling a standing wave. - In: Materials science of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices IV, (2002), S. 185-190

Bunte, E.; Mandryka, Victor; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd; Stiebig, H.
A new concept for position detectors based on sampling a standing wave. - In: Proceedings, (2002), S. 317-322

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Schott, Walter
Operation and analysis of a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine. - In: Proceedings of the seventeenth annual meeting, (2002), S. 299-304

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Wurzbacher, Holger; Grünwald, Rainer; Schott, Walter; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Neue Miniaturinterferometer für die Präzisionsmeß- und Kalibriertechnik. - In: 47. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (2002), insges. 2 S.

Wang, Yung-Cheng; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Welter, Matthias; Jäger, Gerd
Präzisionsprüfgerät für Nanomesstaster. - In: 47. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (2002), insges. 2 S.

Wurmus, Jens; Manske, Eberhard
Stabilisierung von He-Ne-Lasern für die Anwendung in der Präzisionslängenmesstechnik. - In: 47. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (2002), insges. 2 S.

Domhardt, Michael; Krause, Lutz
Entwicklungsaspekte monolithischer Wägezellen für den Einsatz in dynamischen Wägeprozessen. - In: 47. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (2002), insges. 4 S.

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Füßl, Roland; Grünwald, Rainer; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Nanomess- und -positioniertechnik. - In: 47. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (2002), insges. 8 S.

Dontsov, Denis; Jäger, Gerd; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Gerhardt, Uwe
Laser interferometric techniques for vibration analysis. - In: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar on Quantitative Microscopy and 1st Seminar on Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods, (2002), S. 166-173

Augustin, Silke; Bernhard, Frank; Dorożowiec, N.
Rezultaty issledovanija temperaturnych polej termorezistivnych preobrazovatelej. - In: Metody i technika przetwarzania sygnalów w pomiarach fizycznych, (2001), S. 9-14

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Grünwald, Rainer; Schott, Walter
Nanomeasuring technology - nanomeasuring machine. - In: Proceedings of the sixteenth annual meeting, (2001), S. 23-27

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino
Nanopositioning and measuring machine. - In: Precision engineering, nanotechnology, (2001), S. 290-293

Jäger, Gerd; Füßl, Roland; Gerhardt, Uwe; Sommer, Klaus-Dieter
A new method for the automatic testing of application tonometers. - In: Topic 13: Measurements in biology and medicine, Topic 18: Measurement of human functions, Topic 19: Special topics for IMEKO-XVI in Vienna, Topic 26: Environmental measurement, Topic 28: Measurement in construction engineering, (2000), S. 51-56

Jäger, Gerd;
Lasernanomeßtechnik - Anwendungen in der Präzisionsgerätetechnik. - In: Sensoren, Aufnehmer und Systeme 2000, (2000), S. 428-441

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Nanomeasuring machine. - In: Proceedings, (2000), S. 551-556

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Hausotte, Tino; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Laserinterferometrische Nanomeßmaschinen. - In: Sensoren und Meßsysteme 2000, (2000), S. 271-278

Am Institut für Prozeßmeß- und Sensortechnik wird eine Nanomeßmaschine für die Dreikoordinatenmessung mit einem Meßbereich von 25mm x 25mm x 5mm und einer Auflösung von 1,3nm entwickelt. Sie schließt mit ihrer Auflösung und ihrem Meßbereich eine Gerätelücke in der Koordinatenmeßtechnik. Drei Miniaturplanspiegelinterferometer, ein Antastsensor und zwei Winkelsensoren werden so angeordnet, daß in allen drei Koordinatenachsen abbefehlerfreie Messungen möglich sind. Anwendungsgebiet der neuen Nanomeßmaschine ist die Präzisionsvermessung von Kleinteilen und Mikrostrukturen.



Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge; Sommer, Klaus-Dieter; Tegeler, Erich; Wagner, Mathias; Demisch, Ullrich; Trageser, Peter
Calibration of contacting sensors for temperature measurements on surfaces. - In: Proceedings of TEMPMEKO '99, the 7th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurement in Industry and Science; [1 + 2 + 3 June 1999, Delft, the Netherlands, (1999), S. 257-262

Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge; Sommer, Klaus-Dieter; Tegeler, Erich; Wagner, Mathias; Demisch, Ullrich; Trageser, Peter
Kalibrierung von Tastfühlern für Temperaturmessungen an Oberflächen. - In: PTB-Mitteilungen, ISSN 0030-834X, Bd. 109 (1999), 5, S. 347-355

Bragynets, S.; Legkov, G.; Tsydelko, V.; Jäger, Gerd
Neural network technology in nanometry. - In: [Vortragsreihen, (1999), S. 289-296

Fehling, Thomas; Fröhlich, Thomas; Heydenbluth, Detlef
Der Massekomparator - hochgenaue Massebestimmung an der Grenze des technisch Möglichen. - In: 44. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (1999), insges. 6 S.

Jäger, Gerd;
Lasernanomeßtechnik - Möglichkeiten, Grenzen und Anwendungen in der modernen Gerätetechnik. - In: 44. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (1999), insges. 12 S.

Manske, Eberhard; Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer
Neue Konzepte für mikrooptische Sensoren. - In: 44. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (1999), insges. 5 S.

Fröhlich, Thomas; Berg, Christoph; Blumröder, Götz; Hilbrunner, Falko
Dynamische Temperaturkompensation von Präzisionsmeßgeräten. - In: 44. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (1999), insges. 6 S.

Boguhn, Dirk; Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge
Temperatursensoren mit integrierten Miniatur-Fixpunktzellen für den Kraftwerkseinsatz. - In: 44. Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium, (1999), insges. 6 S.

Hasche, Klaus; Herrmann, Konrad; Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Pohlenz, Frank; Seemann, Reiner
Lösungsbeispiele für quantitative Rastersondenmikroskopie in der Mikro- und Nanotechnik. - In: [Vortragsreihen, (1999), S. 68-73

Jäger, Gerd;
Laser-Nano-Sensoren. - In: Sensoren und Feldbussysteme, (1998), S. 159-179

Blumröder, Götz; Fröhlich, Thomas; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge
Meßtechnische Eigenschaften von Antast-Fühlern zur Oberflächentemperaturmessung. - In: Temperatur '98, (1998), S. 299-304

Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Mammen, Helge; Sommer, Klaus-Dieter; Tegeler, Erich; Wagner, Matthias; Demisch, Ullrich; Trageser, Peter
DKD-Kalibrierung von Tastfühlern für Oberflächen-Temperaturmessungen. - In: Temperatur '98, (1998), S. 99-106

Lehmann, Harald; Boguhn, Dirk; Bernhard, Frank
Meßunsicherheit bei Anwendung von Fixpunkt-Thermoelementen als Kalibriernormal. - In: Temperatur '98, (1998), S. 77-84

Boguhn, Dirk; Bernhard, Frank; Lehmann, Harald; Tegeler, Erich
Miniaturfixpunkte und ihre Integration in selbstkalibrierende Thermoelemente. - In: Temperatur '98, (1998), S. 25-34

Jäger, Gerd;
Laser-nano-multicoordinate measurement. - In: Topic 14, (1997), S. 46-51

Bernhard, Frank; Augustin, Silke; Lange, Dittmar; Mammen, Helge
Prüfeinrichtung für die statischen und dynamischen thermischen Meßfehler von Oberflächen-Tast-Temperaturfühlern. - In: Sensor 97, (1997), S. 219-224

Blumröder, Götz; Fröhlich, Thomas; Mammen, Helge
Erfahrungen bei der Oberflächentemperaturmessung mit Antast-Fühlern. - In: Sensor 97, (1997), S. 107-112

Die Temperaturen von Festkörperoberflächen werden häufig mit Hilfe von Antast-Oberflächentemperatur-fühlern (kurz Taster) und zugehörigen Auswertegeräten ermittelt. Vorteile dieser berührenden Messmethode sind einfache Anwendbarkeit, schnelle Gewinnung von Messwerten ohne aufwendige Messstellenpräparation und geringe Kosten. Entscheidender Nachteil der Tastermessung ist die in der Messanordnung begründete thermische Belastung der Kontaktstelle Oberfläche-Taster und die Wärmeableitung über den Taster an die Umgebung. Das messtechnische Ziel, den Tastersensor mit der zu messenden Temperatur der ungestörten Oberfläche in Übereinstimmung zu bringen, ist zwar prinzipiell möglich, aber in der Regel nicht gegeben.



Lehmann, Harald; Bernhard, Frank
Self-calibrating thermocouples : part II: testing of a of prototype, temperature stability. - In: Proceedings of TEMPMEKO '96, 6th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, (1996), S. 201-206

Lehmann, Harald; Bernhard, Frank
Self-calibrating thermocouples : part I: modeling, design of prototypes. - In: Proceedings of TEMPMEKO '96, 6th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, (1996), S. 195-200

Jäger, Gerd;
Neue Entwicklungen und Anwendungen zur Lasernanomeßtechnik. - In: Sensoren und Messysteme, (1996), S. 57-62

Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer; Manske, Eberhard; Büchner, Hans-Joachim
Neue Entwicklungen und Anwendungen von Miniaturinterferometern. - In: Vortragsreihen, (1996), S. 485-489

Lehmann, Harald; Bernhard, Frank
Selbstkalibrierende Thermoelemente für industrielle Anwendungen. - In: Sensor 95, (1995), S. 763-766

Lehmann, Harald; Bernhard, Frank
Long term and high temperature behaviour of miniature fixed point thermocouples. - In: From measurement to innovation, (1994), S. 1402-1407

The application of thermocouples with integrated miniature fixed Points can improve reliability and accuracy of industrial temperature measurements. One of ist Basic requirements is a sufficient long-term stability when used in thermal processing with temperatures above the fixed-Point. This will be possible only by a careful choice of materials and design. After giving an Analysis of the Problems, first results of thermocouples with improved temperature and time behavior will be presented.



Jäger, Gerd;
Precision distance measurement by means of miniaturised interferometers. - In: From measurement to innovation, (1994), S. 1712-1716

The paper is concerned with beam waveguide-couled miniaturized Interferometers used for precision distance measurement. Those Interferometers are manufactured by appling conventional optics technologies. An error analysis shows the possibilities and Limits of laser interferometric measuring methods. There are explained the structure, operating mode and fields of application of three different laser interferometric precision measuring instruments.



Bernhard, Frank; Hoffmann, Armin; Reinhardt, Rüdiger
Optimal approximation of characteristics of standard thermocouples. - In: From measurement to innovation, (1994), S. 1396-1401

We consider the approximation of the characteristics of thermocouples by polynomials of given degree on the largest possible range such that an apriori given error for the temperature is not violated. The used mathematical methods belongs to the field of semi-infinite optimization and the approach can be interpreted as a kind of reverse Chebyshev approximation (see also Preprint M08/94 from 22-6-94 of the Institute of Mathematics of TU Ilmenau).



Hoffmann, Armin; Reinhardt, Rüdiger; Reinhardt, Rüdiger *1941-2021*;
Optimale Approximation der Kennlinien von Standard-Thermoelementen und anderen Sensoren. - In: Messen und Verarbeiten elektrischer und nichtelektrischer Größen, (1994), S. 435-441

We consider the approximation of the characteristics of thermocouples by polynomials of given degree on the largest possible range such that an apriori given error for the temperature is not violated. The used mathematical methods belongs to the field of semi-infinite optiization and the approach can be interpreted as a kind of reverse Chebyshev approxiamtion (see also Preprint M08/94 from 22-6-94 of the Institute of Mathematics of TU Ilmenau)



Jäger, Gerd;
High-speed weighing engineering. - In: Force and mass measurement, (1993), S. 230-236

Augustin, Silke; Bernhard, Frank
Numerische Berechnung statischer und dynamischer Kennwerte industrieller Temperaturfühler. - In: [Kongreßteile A7 - A9, B7 - B10], (1993), S. 103-112

Augustin, Silke; Bernhard, Frank
Numerical calculation of static and dynamic parameters of industrial temperature sensors. - In: Proceedings, (1993), S. 97-106

Jäger, Gerd; Füßl, Roland
Interferenzoptischer Neigungssensor. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 36 (1991), 2, S. 476-479

Jäger, Gerd;
Laserinterferometrische Meß- und Sensortechnik. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 36 (1991), 2, S. 461-471

Krause, Lutz;
Kraftmomentensensoren für Industrieroboter. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 33 (1988), 2, S. 51-54

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Klickermann, Thomas
Lichtwellenleitergekoppelter interferenzoptischer Wegsensor. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 33 (1988), 2, S. 45-47

Jäger, Gerd;
Lichtwellenleitergekoppelte interferenzoptische Kraftsensoren und Wägesysteme. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 33 (1988), 2, S. 41-44

Blumröder, Götz;
Ermittlung thermischer Meßfehler von Oberflächentemperaturfühlern. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 33 (1988), 2, S. 13-15

Bernhard, Frank; Fröhlich, Georg; Kleinschmidt, Uwe; Schneider, Silke
Beitrag zur dynamischen Messung statischer Temperaturen. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 33 (1988), 2, S. 7-12

Heinze, Dirk; Klose, J.; Storch, W.; Steinhauer, I.
Verfahrenstechnische Untersuchungen zur Herstellung von Dünnschichtfeuchtesensoren. - In: 4. Fachtagung Hybridmikroelektronik, (1987), S. 304-308

Büchner, Hans-Joachim; Jäger, Gerd
Contactless interferometric incremental measurement technique. - In: 3rd Symposium of the Technical Committee (TC8) on Theoretical Metrology, (1986), S. 100-108

Jäger, Gerd; Manske, Eberhard; Gebhardt, Klaus
Interferenzoptische Wegsensoren - Präzisionssensoren für die Fertigungsmeßtechnik. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 30 (1985), 2, S. 43-46

Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer; Laubstein, Michael; Geyer, Matthias
Präzisionslaserdilatometer. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 30 (1985), 2, S. 39-42

Jäger, Gerd; Büchner, Hans; Kowalski, Oswald
Präzisionskalibriergerät für Wegsensoren. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 30 (1985), 2, S. 37-38

Jäger, Gerd;
Interferenzoptische Sensoren - eine neue Konzeption der Sensortechnik. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 30 (1985), 2, S. 33-36

Heinze, Dirk; Frühauf, D.
Die Anwendung akustischer Oberflächenwellen in der Sensortechnik. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 30 (1985), 2, S. 29-32

Bernhard, Frank;
Vereinfachte Berechnung des dynamischen Verhaltens zylindrischer, koaxial aufgebauter Berührungsthermometer mit programmierbaren Kleinrechnern. - In: Beiträge der wissenschaftlich-technischen Veranstaltung Temperatur '82 vom 3. - 5. November 1982 in Suhl, (1982), S. 230-234

Wirsching, Andreas; Blumröder, Götz
Thermischer Messfehler bei Mediumstemperaturmessung mittels Rohrwandthermometerbaueinheit. - In: Beiträge der wissenschaftlich-technischen Veranstaltung Temperatur '82 vom 3. - 5. November 1982 in Suhl, (1982), S. 221-229

Blumröder, Götz;
Möglichkeiten der Ermittlung des Wärmeableitungsfehlers technischer Berührungsthermometer unter Einsatzbedingungen. - In: Beiträge der wissenschaftlich-technischen Veranstaltung Temperatur '82 vom 3. - 5. November 1982 in Suhl, (1982), S. 216-220

Bernhard, Frank; Jäger, U.
Berechnung der mechanisch-thermischen Belastbarkeit von zylindrischen Thermometerschutzrohren mit programmierbaren Kleinrechnern. - In: Beiträge der wissenschaftlich-technischen Veranstaltung Temperatur '82 vom 3. - 5. November 1982 in Suhl, (1982), S. 208-215

Bernhard, Frank; Brehmer, M.; Dietrich, G.; Krause, W.; Hampusch, M.
Analyse der Anforderungen an Temperaturmeßstellen in der Verfahrenstechnik, im Maschinen- und Apparatebau. - In: Beiträge der wissenschaftlich-technischen Veranstaltung Temperatur '82 vom 3. - 5. November 1982 in Suhl, (1982), S. 28-36

Sommer, Klaus; Heinze, Dirk
Mikrorechnergestützte Meßwertkorrektur bei LiCl-Taupunktmeßfühler. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 27 (1982), 4, S. 83-86

Heinze, Dirk; Brokmann, Thorsten; Thust, Heiko
Taupunkthygrometer mit kapazitivem Feuchtesensor. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 27 (1982), 4, S. 55-58

Jäger, Gerd; Grünwald, Rainer; Laubstein, Michael
Digitales Präzisionsdilatometer. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 27 (1982), 4, S. 39-42

Jäger, Gerd;
Elektronische interferentielle Kraftmeß- und Wägezellen. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 27 (1982), 4, S. 27-30

Bernhard, Frank; Brokmann, Thorsten; Blumröder, Götz
Anwendungsorientierte Darstellung meßtechnischer Kennwerte von industriellen Temperaturfühlern. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 24 (1979), 3, S. 33-37

Jäger, Gerd; Irrgang, Klaus
Interferentielle digitale Meßsysteme zur Messung kleiner Wege. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 24 (1979), 3, S. 15-16

Michelsson, Paul;
Die Prozeßmeßtechnik in Lehre und Forschung. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 24 (1979), 3, S. 3-5

Jäger, Gerd;
Interferentielle digitale Wägesysteme. - In: Messen, Steuern, Regeln, ISSN 0026-0347, Bd. 21 (1978), 12, S. 688-690

Bernhard, Frank; Brokmann, Thorsten; Blumröder, Götz
Statische und dynamische Temperaturmeßfehler. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 21 (1976), 2, S. 141-144

Michelsson, Paul;
Prozeßmeßtechnik und Meßgrößenwandlung. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 21 (1976), 2, S. 137-140

Jäger, Gerd;
Verfahren zur mehrwertigen Meßwertkodierung für interferentielle Meßwandler. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 21 (1976), 2, S. 133-135

Büchner, H.-J.;
Abtastung periodischer Intensitätsverteilungen zur Absolutcodierung. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 18 (1973), 4, S. 53-56

Grünwald, Rainer;
Kodierung mit Hilfe des Moirè-Effektes. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 18 (1973), 4, S. 47-52

Wloka, Monika; Büchner, Hans; Prössel, Horst
Aufbau, Wirkungsweise und meßtechnische Eigenschaften eines digitalen, interferentiellen Kraftwandlers. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 18 (1973), 4, S. 35-40

Jäger, Gerd;
Direkte digitale Meßwertwandlung auf der Grundlage periodischer Intensitätsverteilungen. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 18 (1973), 4, S. 29-34

Heinze, Dirk;
Methoden zur Verringerung des statischen Fehlers und der Bestimmung des dynamischen Verhaltens unter Betriebsbedingungen des LiCl-Feuchtefühlers. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 18 (1973), 4, S. 13-15

Pflugbeil, Wolfgang;
Optimale Steuerung einer linearen Mehrgrößenstrecke für adaptives Führungsverhalten. - In: Messen, Steuern, Regeln, ISSN 0026-0347, Bd. 14 (1971), 7, S. 270-274

Jäger, Gerd;
Zur digitalen Meßwertwandlung. - In: Messen, Steuern, Regeln, ISSN 0026-0347, Bd. 13 (1970), 5, S. 192-194
Geringfügig geänd. Fassung des Vortrages

Michelsson, Paul;
Entwicklungsrichtungen in der elektrischen Meßtechnik - Gleichrichterinstrumente, Thermoumformer, Multiplizierschaltungen. - In: Elektrie, ISSN 0013-5399, Bd. 24 (1970), 5, S. 175-178

Jäger, Gerd;
Theoretische Grundlagen zur Absolutcodierung von Meßgrößen mit Hilfe veränderlicher periodischer Intensitätsverteilungen. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 15.1970, C1, S. 271-278

Neuenfeldt, Diethart;
Zur Frage der Auswertgenauigkeit von Übergangsfunktionen nach der Wendetangenten- und Zeitprozentkennwertmethode. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 15.1970, C1, S. 255-264

Bernhard, Frank;
Das dynamische Verhalten des Lithiumchlorid-Taupunkthygrometers. - In: Messen, Steuern, Regeln, ISSN 0026-0347, Bd. 11 (1968), 7, S. 257-261

Jäger, Gerd;
Codierung von Meßgrößen mit Hilfe periodischer Intensitätsverteilungen. - In: Messen, Steuern, Regeln, ISSN 0026-0347, Bd. 11 (1968), 7, S. 253-257

Michelsson, Paul;
Zur Frage der Meßwertwandlung. - In: Messen, Steuern, Regeln, ISSN 0026-0347, Bd. 11 (1968), 7, S. 248-250

Reineck, Horst;
Untersuchungen an erschütterten spannbandgelagerten Zeigermeßwerken. - In: Messen, Steuern, Regeln, ISSN 0026-0347, Bd. 11 (1968), 8, S. 312-314

Michelsson, Paul;
Über einige Fragen der Modellmeßtechnik. - In: Feingerätetechnik, ISSN 0014-9683, Bd. 16 (1967), 2, S. 66-67

Lippold, Hartmut;
Experimentelle Modelluntersuchungen an einer pneumatischen Längenmeßstrecke mit gekrümmter Prallplatte. - In: Feingerätetechnik, ISSN 0014-9683, Bd. 15 (1966), 6, S. 270-274, 285
Vortrag gehalten am 30.06.1965

Michelsson, Paul;
Erschütterungsunempfindliche Spannbandlagerungen für elektrische Meßwerke. - In: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium / Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, ISSN 0374-3365, Bd. 8 (1963), 4, S. 473-480